الفهرس 
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Abstract
Gamma-rays are electromagnetic waves emitted by radioactive nuclei have wavelengths ranging from about -10 10 m to less than -14 10 m. They are highly penetrating and cause serious damage when absorbed by living tissues. Accordingly, those working near such radiation must be protected by garments containing heavily absorbing materials, such as layers of lead [1]. Gamma-rays have many applications in different fields. It is used in the study of the emitted gamma-rays from radioactive sources with high resolution and great precision [2]. It is also used in identification of the radioactive isotopes by the study of the emitted gamma-ray photons between the allowed transitions inside the nucleus for different energy levels [3]. In many nuclear interactions, products are accompanied by gamma-rays with certain energy [4]. Each interaction has a specific gamma-ray spectrum, from the gamma-ray spectrum and the original flux, the cross section for each group of products is determined [5]. Gammarays effects depend on the amount of radiation that is absorbed in the body, which is called the absorbed dose [6].