الفهرس 
ABSTRACTOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 211 |  |  |
| | | from | 211 | | |
Abstract
The Genus Artemisia L. (Family Asteraceae, Tribe Anthemideae) Contains A Wide Range Of Species (from 200 To Over 400, Depending On The Authors) Found In The Northern Half Of The World. Artemisia And Dracunculus Are The Two Sections Of The Genus.
The Genus Artemisia Is Known To Contain Many Bioactive Compounds; Artemisinin Has Antimalarial Activity As Well As Profound Cytotoxicity Against Tumor Cells, And Arglabin Is Used To Treat Certain Types Of Cancer In The Former USSR.
Over The Past Decade Artemisia Species Have Been Used Traditionally In Varies Populations, Thus;
A. Keiskeana Miq Has Been Used As A Traditional Chinese Drug For The Treatment Of Gynaecepathy, Amenerrhea, Bruise And Rheumatic Disease, A. Vestita Wall Ex DC. Has Been Utilized For The Treatment Of Fungal Infections Such As Tinea, Tympanitis, And Thrush, A. Abrotanum L. Was Found To Possess Spasmolytic Activity On The Carbacholine Induced Contraction Of Guinea-Pig Trachea.
Artemisia Species Are Popular Plants Which Are Used For The Treatment Of Diseases Such As Hepatitis, Cancer, Inflammation And Infections By Fungi, Bacteria, And Viruses. Furthermore, Several Species Of Artemisia Are Used In Folk Medicine, Thus; A. Vulgaris Has Been Employed In The Treatment Of Painful Menstruation And In The Induction Of Labor Or Miscarriage, A. Mongolica Fisch Has Been Used As A Folk Medicine For Generations To Cure Inflammations And Colds In Northwest China, A. Pontica L. Is Well Known In Bulgarian Folk Medicine As A Sedative And An Appetizer.
Artemisia Herba-Alba Asso, Known Also As Desert Wormwood (Known In Arabic As Shih, Armoise Blanche (Fr.)), Has Been Used In Folk Medicine By Many Cultures Since Ancient Times, Used In Moroccan Folk Medicine To Treat Arterial Hypertension And/Or Diabetes. Herbal Tea From
This Species Has Been Used As Analgesic, Antibacterial, Antispasmodic, And Hemostatic Agents. During An Ethnopharmacological Survey Carried Out Among The Bedouins Of The Negev Desert, It Was Found That Artemisia Herba-Alba Relieved Stomach Disorders.
Reviewing The Current Literature, Several Studies Were Done On The Genus Artemisia (A. Herbaalba, A. Judica, A. Monosperma from Egypt And A. Monosperma from KSA).
The Essential Oil Of Leaves Was Obtained By Hydrodistillation And Its Major Constituents Were Identified. Two Compounds Are Isolated from A. Herba-Alb, This Study Includes The Following:
1. Review Of Literature Regarding The Phytoconstituents And Bioactivity Of The Genus
Artemisia.
2. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening Of The Aerial Parts Of 4 Genus (A. Herba-Alba,
A. Judica, A. Monosperma from EGYPT And KSA).
3. Investigation Of The Essential Oils Of The Aerial Parts Prepared By Conventional Hydrodistillation And Extraction.
4. The Biological Activity For Essential Oil As Antimicrobial And Biological Investigation Of Artemisia Species And Isolated Comounds As Anticancer.
5. Liquid chromatography Massspectroscopy Comparison Study For A. Herba-Alba, A. Judica, A. Monosperma from Egypt And A. Monosperma from KSA.
6. Isolation, Purification, And characterization Of The Chemical Constituents Of The Aerial Parts Using Different chromatographic And Spectral Techniques.
I. Essential Oil
• Investigation Of The Essential Oil:
Conventional Hydro-Distillation (HD) Were Used For The Extraction Of Artemisia Species Essential Oil. Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis Of The Essential Oils Obtained Revealed Variation In The Percentage Yield And Chemical Composition Of
The Oils. The Analysis Showed The Presence Of 92 Volatile Compounds Were Identified from The Aerial Parts Of Artemisia Species.
• Antimicrobial Assay Of Essential Oil:
Antimicrobial Activity Were Estimated By Using The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration MIC Values Of Artemisia Herba-Alba, Artemisia Judaica, And Artemisia Monosperma Plants Essential Oils Against Three Bacteria Strains And All Artemisia Plants Tested Showed Potent Antimicrobial Activities Against Gram Positive Bacterium, Staphylococcus Aureus, Gram Negative Bacterium Escherichia Coli And Yeast Candida Albicans In The Following Order, A. Judica (0.5, 1.0, 1.0), A. Monosperma (Saudi Arabia) (1.0, 0.5, 1.0 µl/Disc) > A. Herba-Alba (1.0, 1.0, 1.0 µl/Disc) > A. Monosperma (Egypt) (2.5, 2.5, 2.5 µl/Disc). This Can Be Attributed To The Variation Of Their Constituents.
The Essential Oils from The Aerial Pars Of Artemisia Species Showed Variable Degrees Of Antibacterial Activity Against Two Tested Strains. from The Above Experiment, It Can Be Inferred That Essential Oils from Artemisia Monosperma (Saudi Arabia) Showed A Significant Growth Inhibiting Effects On Gram-Positive (Escherichia Coli). Additionally, Essential Oils from Artemisia Judica Showed A Significant Growth Inhibiting Effects On Gram-Negative Bacteria (Staphylococcus Aureus). These Results Could Be Attributed To The Major Components Present In Artemisia Judaica And Artemisia Monosperma (Saudi Arabia).
II. Biological Investigation Of Artemisia Species:
The Anti-Cancer Activity Of Artemesia Species Were Estimated Against Four Cell Lines Ovarian Cancer Cell: A2780, Colon Cancer Cell: HT29 Breast Cancer Cell: MCF7 And Normal Cell: MRC5, And Ic50 Determined. The Results Were Estimated: Extract
A. Herba Alba (1:1) Showed Potent Activity Against Human Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines With IC50 4.53 µg/Ml With Low Cytotoxicity Against Normal Cell Lines.
Extracts A. Herba-Alba (70%) MEOH And A. Judica (1:1) Showed Potent Activity Against Human Colon Cancer Cell Lines With IC50 13.12 And 6.31 µg/Ml, Respectively. Additionally, Extract A. Herba-Alba (70%) MEOH Showed Potent Activity Against Breast Cancer Cell Lines With IC50 15.69.
According To The Cytotoxic Activity In Cancer Cell Lines Versus Normal Cell Lines, Extract A. Herba-Alba (1:1) Was selected For Further Studies.
Fractionation In Buoh, Etoac, CH2Cl2 And Hexane Were Estimated Against Four Cell Lines MCF7, A2780, HT29 And MRC5.
The Cell Viability Assay For The Tested Fractions Showed The Following:
1- The Methylene Chloride Fractions Of A. Herba-Alba And A. Judica As Well As The Hexane And Ethyle Acetate Fraction Of A. Monosperma Were The Most Potent Fraction Against Human Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines With IC50 18.8, 3.0, 2.23, 17.8 µg/Ml, Respectively.
2- The Methylene Chloride Fraction For A. Judica And Hexane Fraction For Artemisia Monosperma Showed Potent Activity Against Human Colon Cancer Cell Lines With IC50 19.9 And
16.8 µg/Ml, Respectively.
3- The Ethyle Acetate Fractions For A. Herba Alba And A. Judica As Well As The Hexane Fractions
For A. Monosperma Showed Potent Activity Against Breast Cancer Cell Lines With IC50 18.8 And 16.8,19.4 µg/Ml, Respectively.
Chapter 2: Liquid chromatography-Mass Spectrometry:
The Comparative Study Between Artemisia Species Were Estimated And The Compounds Were Analyzed And Identified By L Cm.
There Were Compounds Present In Four Species As: Artemin, Quercetol, Cirsilineol And Quercetin-3-O-Glucoside.
A. Monosperma from Saudi Arabia Riched With Compounds Than Other Species Due To The Difference In Conditions.
III. Phytochemical Study Of Artemisia Species:
The Air-Dried Powdered Aerial Parts Of Four Artemisia Species Were Extracted With 70% Methanol Till Exhaustion (8 X 700 Ml). This Extract Was Used For Estimation Of Total Phenolic And Flavonoid Contents.
The Powdered Aerial Parts (2 Kg) Were Exhaustively Extracted With CH2Cl2/Meoh (1:1). The Extract Was Then Fractionated On Silica Gel Flash Column Eluted With N-Hexane And The Polarity Is Gradually Increased With CH2Cl2 And Methanol (25% Increments) Till 100% Methanol. Fractions Were Collected And Monitored By TLC To Give Main Fractions.
Isolation Of The Pure Two Compounds Was Performed By Preparative HPLC Using Isocratic Elution. The Conditions Used For Isolation Of Compounds from The Fractions Of The CH2Cl2/Meoh (1:1) A. Herba-Alba Extract By Preparative HPLC.
2
HO 13 3
13
O
(3R,3as,4R,9R,11as)-4,9-Dihydroxy-3,6-Dimethyl-10-Methylidenedec Ahydrocyclodeca[B]- Furan-2(3H)-One
Or
3R,8R-Dihydroxygermacr-4(15),9(10)-Dien-6S,7S,11RH,12,6-Olide
Compound I
O
11-Epiartapshin
Compound II
Fig 43: Isolated Compounds from Artemisia Herba-Alba
The Isolated Compounds Were Identified By 1D (1H-NMR And 13C-NMR), 2D NMR (COSY, DEPT, HMQC, HMBC And NOESY) Techniques And Comparison With The Published Data. While The Flavonoidal Compounds Were Identified By 1D NMR, Mass Spectroscopy, UV Shift Reagents As Well As Comparison Of Their Data With Those Published In The Literature.
Fig 44: Flow chart I Describe Summary Of The Work
Fig 45: Flow chart II Describe Summary Of The Work