الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION AND AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDYOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 95 |  |  |
| | | from | 95 | | |
Abstract
Industrial wastewater is the effluent generated from human actions that are affiliated with the processing and manufacturing of the raw materials. Industrial wastewater characteristics differ according to the type of industry and the type of industrial process used. Untreated industrial wastewater effluents adversely affect collection systems, public wastewater treatment plants and when disposed directly in water bodies. It develops severe environmental problems.
This research focused on mitigation of the negative impact of industrial wastewater generated in New Borg Al Arab City (NBC) on the wastewater management system. Hence, this would protect wastewater collection system and its appurtenances from corrosion and clogging and reduce the environmental pollution level.
This study was conducted on eleven of non-complying factories (Containers, Cooked cheese, Cookies, Cosmetics, Cubic broth, Dairy products, Dyes, Paper and cardboard, Toilet paper and Yeast) in New Borg El-Arab City and in the laboratories of City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City).
Data were collected by the use of an interviewing sheet, environmental records and laboratory analysis. Grab industrial wastewater samples were collected from public wastewater treatment plant and the selected violating factories.
Results of this study could be presented in four sections:
I. Description of wastewater management system in NBC
According to recent NBC records, NBC has various types of industries with traditional production such as food (14%), textile (9%), chemicals (16%), pharmaceutical (5%) and electrical engineering industries (23%). Three separate wastewater collection networks were constructed in NBC to serve the residential and industrial areas. The wastewater collection network includes different types of pipes with different diameters depending on the length, pressure, temperature and soil type. The pipelines of wastewater collection system in NBC are made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Pottery, Ductile Cast Iron and Glass Reinforced Polyester (GRP).
All factory/building connections, inspection holes, man holes, street inlets, sand traps, oil & grease traps, line exits, intersections of lines, pumping stations, delivery lines and the overflow weirs are considered as appurtenance items which are present in NBC in different frequencies according to needs of the wastewater network.
Two wastewater treatment plants were constructed in NBC to treat the industrial and domestic wastewater. The Eastern Wastewater Treatment Plant (EWTP) was constructed to treat industrial wastewater while the Western Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) was constructed to treat the domestic wastewater. WWTP is located in the eighth district and is built on 150 acres and with capacity of 115000 m3/day but it is currently operated on 30000 m3/day due to the current small number of populations.
EWTP is classified as a secondary treatment depending on oxidation ponds with a capacity of 100000 m3/day but at present study, it works with 46000 m3/day. The total retention time of the process is 28 days. The environmental records of EWTP showed that the influent from industrial collection system was not complying with the required criteria of law 93/1962 and amended executive decree No. 44/2000 and the effluent of EWTP should comply with the required criteria of Egyptian Environmental Ministerial Resolution No. 208 of 2018 amending some provisions of the executive regulations of Law No. 48 of 1982.
II. Identification of the challenges facing industrial wastewater management system in NBC
The wastewater collection pipe lines may be clogged due to sedimentation of settleable solids such as grit and settleable organic matter, falling of brick and concrete masses in the manhole.
Through the records of the department of utilities and networks in NBC, the wastewater collection network in NBC indicated that over the last two years the reported clogs ranged from 6 to 8 cases daily. The numbers of clogs were found to increase in winter season. The main operational causes of clogs were increasing in wastewater flow rate due to runoff and when production line stops accidently especially in bakeries industries. Corrosion problems are too difficult to be discovered in wastewater pipelines due to the absence of corrosion discovering instruments.
III. Categories of the running factories
The data obtained from NBC records and the workers in Council of NBC showed that NBC is divided into seven industrial zones and each area is divided into blocks and each block is divided into parts. There are 1240 factories with different industrial sectors. Effluents of these factories were not complying with the criteria required in the presidential decree 44/2000. There were 150 violating industrial plants with 95 factories having limited treatment units while 28 factories were directly discharging their untreated wastewater to the network collection system and 27 factories were lacking occupational safety and health requirements. Around 583 industries in NBC (47% of total industries) use water as basic component in the operating process and around 657 of the industries (53% of total industries) are dry industries.
According to the laboratory analysis, the physico-chemical characterization of the influent of EWTP regarding BOD, COD, TDS, TSS and O& G did not comply with the law 93/1962 and amended executive decree No. 44/2000. EWTP has an organic load of (324 g/m3.day). The randomly selected eleven factories from 95 violating factories for each category according to product type showed pH, TDS, TSS, BOD, COD, and O& G ranging from 4.85-7.59, 750-4018 mg/L, 79.5-3892 mg/L, 105-3773 mg/L, 425-5608.65 mg/L and 19-416 mg/L respectively. Results of analysis of wastewater discharged from selected eleven factories under study showed that the meat factory registered the highest values of BOD, COD and TSS (3773, 5608.65 and 3892 mg/L) respectively, while pH (4.25) parameter was the lowest value. Oil and grease (416 mg/L) registered highest value as concerns of the cosmetics factory and TDS (4018 mg/L) recorded the highest value regarding paper and cardboard factory wastewater.
IV. Suggested preliminary treatment units
Suitable techniques for monitoring and control of industrial wastewater parameters to improve operational treatment are suggested as the following:
o The most dependable and cheapest method for oil removal is oil skimmers
o Chemical neutralization is employed to balance the excess acidity or alkalinity in water
o Sedimentation tank is a suitable method to reduce TSS but with consideration of the flow rate
o Mechanical aeration as an air blower could be used to promote the biological process and reduce the organic matter
o Activated carbon technology could be used as a step to reuse the effluent of wastewater for the cleaning process of the machines.
o Various methods such as physical adsorption, reverse osmosis (RO), distillation, precipitation, membrane filtration and bacteria‐based bioremediation have been developed to reduce/remove TDS from water streams.
Industrial wastewater is the effluent generated from human actions that are affiliated with the processing and manufacturing of the raw materials. Industrial wastewater characteristics differ according to the type of industry and the type of industrial process used. Untreated industrial wastewater effluents adversely affect collection systems, public wastewater treatment plants and when disposed directly in water bodies. It develops severe environmental problems.
This research focused on mitigation of the negative impact of industrial wastewater generated in New Borg Al Arab City (NBC) on the wastewater management system. Hence, this would protect wastewater collection system and its appurtenances from corrosion and clogging and reduce the environmental pollution level.
This study was conducted on eleven of non-complying factories (Containers, Cooked cheese, Cookies, Cosmetics, Cubic broth, Dairy products, Dyes, Paper and cardboard, Toilet paper and Yeast) in New Borg El-Arab City and in the laboratories of City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City).
Data were collected by the use of an interviewing sheet, environmental records and laboratory analysis. Grab industrial wastewater samples were collected from public wastewater treatment plant and the selected violating factories.
Results of this study could be presented in four sections:
I. Description of wastewater management system in NBC
According to recent NBC records, NBC has various types of industries with traditional production such as food (14%), textile (9%), chemicals (16%), pharmaceutical (5%) and electrical engineering industries (23%). Three separate wastewater collection networks were constructed in NBC to serve the residential and industrial areas. The wastewater collection network includes different types of pipes with different diameters depending on the length, pressure, temperature and soil type. The pipelines of wastewater collection system in NBC are made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Pottery, Ductile Cast Iron and Glass Reinforced Polyester (GRP).
All factory/building connections, inspection holes, man holes, street inlets, sand traps, oil & grease traps, line exits, intersections of lines, pumping stations, delivery lines and the overflow weirs are considered as appurtenance items which are present in NBC in different frequencies according to needs of the wastewater network.
Two wastewater treatment plants were constructed in NBC to treat the industrial and domestic wastewater. The Eastern Wastewater Treatment Plant (EWTP) was constructed to treat industrial wastewater while the Western Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) was constructed to treat the domestic wastewater. WWTP is located in the eighth district and is built on 150 acres and with capacity of 115000 m3/day but it is currently operated on 30000 m3/day due to the current small number of populations.
EWTP is classified as a secondary treatment depending on oxidation ponds with a capacity of 100000 m3/day but at present study, it works with 46000 m3/day. The total retention time of the process is 28 days. The environmental records of EWTP showed that the influent from industrial collection system was not complying with the required criteria of law 93/1962 and amended executive decree No. 44/2000 and the effluent of EWTP should comply with the required criteria of Egyptian Environmental Ministerial Resolution No. 208 of 2018 amending some provisions of the executive regulations of Law No. 48 of 1982.
II. Identification of the challenges facing industrial wastewater management system in NBC
The wastewater collection pipe lines may be clogged due to sedimentation of settleable solids such as grit and settleable organic matter, falling of brick and concrete masses in the manhole.
Through the records of the department of utilities and networks in NBC, the wastewater collection network in NBC indicated that over the last two years the reported clogs ranged from 6 to 8 cases daily. The numbers of clogs were found to increase in winter season. The main operational causes of clogs were increasing in wastewater flow rate due to runoff and when production line stops accidently especially in bakeries industries. Corrosion problems are too difficult to be discovered in wastewater pipelines due to the absence of corrosion discovering instruments.
III. Categories of the running factories
The data obtained from NBC records and the workers in Council of NBC showed that NBC is divided into seven industrial zones and each area is divided into blocks and each block is divided into parts. There are 1240 factories with different industrial sectors. Effluents of these factories were not complying with the criteria required in the presidential decree 44/2000. There were 150 violating industrial plants with 95 factories having limited treatment units while 28 factories were directly discharging their untreated wastewater to the network collection system and 27 factories were lacking occupational safety and health requirements. Around 583 industries in NBC (47% of total industries) use water as basic component in the operating process and around 657 of the industries (53% of total industries) are dry industries.
According to the laboratory analysis, the physico-chemical characterization of the influent of EWTP regarding BOD, COD, TDS, TSS and O& G did not comply with the law 93/1962 and amended executive decree No. 44/2000. EWTP has an organic load of (324 g/m3.day). The randomly selected eleven factories from 95 violating factories for each category according to product type showed pH, TDS, TSS, BOD, COD, and O& G ranging from 4.85-7.59, 750-4018 mg/L, 79.5-3892 mg/L, 105-3773 mg/L, 425-5608.65 mg/L and 19-416 mg/L respectively. Results of analysis of wastewater discharged from selected eleven factories under study showed that the meat factory registered the highest values of BOD, COD and TSS (3773, 5608.65 and 3892 mg/L) respectively, while pH (4.25) parameter was the lowest value. Oil and grease (416 mg/L) registered highest value as concerns of the cosmetics factory and TDS (4018 mg/L) recorded the highest value regarding paper and cardboard factory wastewater.
IV. Suggested preliminary treatment units
Suitable techniques for monitoring and control of industrial wastewater parameters to improve operational treatment are suggested as the following:
o The most dependable and cheapest method for oil removal is oil skimmers
o Chemical neutralization is employed to balance the excess acidity or alkalinity in water
o Sedimentation tank is a suitable method to reduce TSS but with consideration of the flow rate
o Mechanical aeration as an air blower could be used to promote the biological process and reduce the organic matter
o Activated carbon technology could be used as a step to reuse the effluent of wastewater for the cleaning process of the machines.
o Various methods such as physical adsorption, reverse osmosis (RO), distillation, precipitation, membrane filtration and bacteria‐based bioremediation have been developed to reduce/remove TDS from water streams.
Industrial wastewater is the effluent generated from human actions that are affiliated with the processing and manufacturing of the raw materials. Industrial wastewater characteristics differ according to the type of industry and the type of industrial process used. Untreated industrial wastewater effluents adversely affect collection systems, public wastewater treatment plants and when disposed directly in water bodies. It develops severe environmental problems.
This research focused on mitigation of the negative impact of industrial wastewater generated in New Borg Al Arab City (NBC) on the wastewater management system. Hence, this would protect wastewater collection system and its appurtenances from corrosion and clogging and reduce the environmental pollution level.
This study was conducted on eleven of non-complying factories (Containers, Cooked cheese, Cookies, Cosmetics, Cubic broth, Dairy products, Dyes, Paper and cardboard, Toilet paper and Yeast) in New Borg El-Arab City and in the laboratories of City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City).
Data were collected by the use of an interviewing sheet, environmental records and laboratory analysis. Grab industrial wastewater samples were collected from public wastewater treatment plant and the selected violating factories.
Results of this study could be presented in four sections:
I. Description of wastewater management system in NBC
According to recent NBC records, NBC has various types of industries with traditional production such as food (14%), textile (9%), chemicals (16%), pharmaceutical (5%) and electrical engineering industries (23%). Three separate wastewater collection networks were constructed in NBC to serve the residential and industrial areas. The wastewater collection network includes different types of pipes with different diameters depending on the length, pressure, temperature and soil type. The pipelines of wastewater collection system in NBC are made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Pottery, Ductile Cast Iron and Glass Reinforced Polyester (GRP).
All factory/building connections, inspection holes, man holes, street inlets, sand traps, oil & grease traps, line exits, intersections of lines, pumping stations, delivery lines and the overflow weirs are considered as appurtenance items which are present in NBC in different frequencies according to needs of the wastewater network.
Two wastewater treatment plants were constructed in NBC to treat the industrial and domestic wastewater. The Eastern Wastewater Treatment Plant (EWTP) was constructed to treat industrial wastewater while the Western Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) was constructed to treat the domestic wastewater. WWTP is located in the eighth district and is built on 150 acres and with capacity of 115000 m3/day but it is currently operated on 30000 m3/day due to the current small number of populations.
EWTP is classified as a secondary treatment depending on oxidation ponds with a capacity of 100000 m3/day but at present study, it works with 46000 m3/day. The total retention time of the process is 28 days. The environmental records of EWTP showed that the influent from industrial collection system was not complying with the required criteria of law 93/1962 and amended executive decree No. 44/2000 and the effluent of EWTP should comply with the required criteria of Egyptian Environmental Ministerial Resolution No. 208 of 2018 amending some provisions of the executive regulations of Law No. 48 of 1982.
II. Identification of the challenges facing industrial wastewater management system in NBC
The wastewater collection pipe lines may be clogged due to sedimentation of settleable solids such as grit and settleable organic matter, falling of brick and concrete masses in the manhole.
Through the records of the department of utilities and networks in NBC, the wastewater collection network in NBC indicated that over the last two years the reported clogs ranged from 6 to 8 cases daily. The numbers of clogs were found to increase in winter season. The main operational causes of clogs were increasing in wastewater flow rate due to runoff and when production line stops accidently especially in bakeries industries. Corrosion problems are too difficult to be discovered in wastewater pipelines due to the absence of corrosion discovering instruments.
III. Categories of the running factories
The data obtained from NBC records and the workers in Council of NBC showed that NBC is divided into seven industrial zones and each area is divided into blocks and each block is divided into parts. There are 1240 factories with different industrial sectors. Effluents of these factories were not complying with the criteria required in the presidential decree 44/2000. There were 150 violating industrial plants with 95 factories having limited treatment units while 28 factories were directly discharging their untreated wastewater to the network collection system and 27 factories were lacking occupational safety and health requirements. Around 583 industries in NBC (47% of total industries) use water as basic component in the operating process and around 657 of the industries (53% of total industries) are dry industries.
According to the laboratory analysis, the physico-chemical characterization of the influent of EWTP regarding BOD, COD, TDS, TSS and O& G did not comply with the law 93/1962 and amended executive decree No. 44/2000. EWTP has an organic load of (324 g/m3.day). The randomly selected eleven factories from 95 violating factories for each category according to product type showed pH, TDS, TSS, BOD, COD, and O& G ranging from 4.85-7.59, 750-4018 mg/L, 79.5-3892 mg/L, 105-3773 mg/L, 425-5608.65 mg/L and 19-416 mg/L respectively. Results of analysis of wastewater discharged from selected eleven factories under study showed that the meat factory registered the highest values of BOD, COD and TSS (3773, 5608.65 and 3892 mg/L) respectively, while pH (4.25) parameter was the lowest value. Oil and grease (416 mg/L) registered highest value as concerns of the cosmetics factory and TDS (4018 mg/L) recorded the highest value regarding paper and cardboard factory wastewater.
IV. Suggested preliminary treatment units
Suitable techniques for monitoring and control of industrial wastewater parameters to improve operational treatment are suggested as the following:
o The most dependable and cheapest method for oil removal is oil skimmers
o Chemical neutralization is employed to balance the excess acidity or alkalinity in water
o Sedimentation tank is a suitable method to reduce TSS but with consideration of the flow rate
o Mechanical aeration as an air blower could be used to promote the biological process and reduce the organic matter
o Activated carbon technology could be used as a step to reuse the effluent of wastewater for the cleaning process of the machines.
o Various methods such as physical adsorption, reverse osmosis (RO), distillation, precipitation, membrane filtration and bacteria‐based bioremediation have been developed to reduce/remove TDS from water streams.