الفهرس 
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Abstract
Bone is a mineralized connective tissue that exhibits four types of cells: osteoblasts, bone lining cells, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
Bone is a special form of connective tissue, which unlike most other tissues is physiologically mineralized. On the organ level, bone is made up of the cartilaginous joints, the calcified cartilage of the growth plate (during skeletal growth only), the marrow space, and the mineralized cortical and trabecular bone structures
Bones fall into three general classifications: Flat bones, Short bones, Long bones.
The skeletal muscle attaches to the bone by tendons, and together they produce all the movements of the body, enable humans to move and perform daily activities. They play an essential role in respiratory mechanics and help in maintaining posture and balance. They also protect the vital organs in the body.
The skeletal muscle fibers are crossed with a regular pattern of fine red and white lines, giving the muscle a distinctive striated appearance. Hence they are also known as striated muscles.
A close relationship exists between bone and muscle from embryogenesis, through growth and development, and into aging. Throughout life, bone and muscle integrate and work physically and biochemically as one unit.
Muscle bone relationship
Diseases associated with muscle usually have manifestations in the bone and vice versa. Likewise, aging results in the progressive and parallel loss of bone known as osteopenia and in the skeletal muscle known as sarcopenia.
The mechanical and biochemical interactions between muscle and bone may work together synergistically.
Mechanical force might prime bone and muscle for regulation and release of specific factors to exert their effects on the opposing tissue.
Muscle and bone communicate via soluble factors. Crosstalk occurs through muscle factors such as myostatin, irisin, and a muscle metabolite, β-aminoisobutyric acid, BAIBA, and through bone factors such as osteocalcin, transforming growth factor beta, TGFβ, Prostaglandin E2, PGE2, and Wnts. Some of these factors have positive and some negative effects on the opposing tissue. One feature both bone and muscle have in common is that their tissues are mechanically loaded and many of their secreted factors are regulated by the load.