الفهرس 
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Abstract
The current dissertation investigates different forms of ’manipulation’ in selected translations of Ahmed ibn Fdalan’s Risalah into English. Ibn Fadlan’s Manuscript may not be understood if a translation focuses on the micro level such surface features of this Arabic text, such as semantics, syntax and style, without taking into account the macro level, i.e. the socio-cultural context of this Classical Arabic text that dates back to the Abbasid ‘s Caliphate in 922. Therefore, the solution suggested in the current dissertation is to translate its micro levels as well as its macro surroundings in order to convey its meaning to speakers of English. This dissertation aims at examining the various aspects of manipulation in three translations of Ahmed ibn Fadlan’s Risalah by three different translators and for three distict publishing houses as well as in three different periods of time . To achieve this aim , the selected corpus of three English translations of Ahmed ibn Fadlan’s Risalah is analyzed on both the micro and the macro levels of discourse, using a Critical Discourse Analysis as well as André Lefevere(1992)’s Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. The selected English translations for analysis are “Michael Crichton’s Eaters of the Dead: The Manuscript of Ibn Fadlan Relating His Experiences with the Northmen in AD 92 (1993)”,“Ibn Fadlān and the Land of Darkness:ArabTravellers in the Far North”, Translated with an Introduction by Paul Lunde and Caroline Stone (2012)” ,and “James E. Montgomery’s “Mission to Volga by Ahmed ibn Fadlan”, Prefaced by Tim Severin(2017)” .The study finds that these translators fails in many ways to deliver some Arabic sentences and Islamic terminologies both in the micro and the macro levels of discourse .