الفهرس 
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Abstract
The udder of the she-camels were located at the inguinal region firmly attached to the caudal part of the abdominal wall. The udder of the she-camel was consisted of 4 quarters which contained glandular tissues and gland cisterns, teat canals and teat tips.
The udder of lactating she-camel consisted of milk acini which lined by cuboidal cells with microvilli at their apical parts and stromal connective tissue support.The stromal connective tissue mainly composed of collagen fibers and with increase of the age it had a higher content of adipose connective tissue. The ducts of lactating mammary glands were lined by the two layers of cuboidal cells which were electron dense adluminal, moderate and electron lucent basal cells. The non-lactating mammary gland was consisted of mainly duct system and few sporadic collapsed acini with very narrow lumen. Telocytes were found in the stromal connective tissue of lactating and non-lactating mammary glands. Telocytes acted as the stromal stem cells in the mammary gland. Telocytes have the ability to differentiate into many connective tissue cells as fibroblasts and myofibroblasts which help in tissue repairing and prevention of mammary gland malignancy. Telocytes had a communication role among the cells by self-nano vesicles.
The teat canal consisted of two teat cisternae with lining mucosal surface which was ranged from stratified squamous to stratified cuboidal epithelium. The mucosal surface was corrugated and surrounded by a lymphocytic infiltration. The second layer was a mixed layer mainly consisted of smooth muscles intermingled with connective tissue which called musclo-fiberous layer. The third layer was hairy and highly pigmented skin. The skin was keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The teat tips consisted of two completely independent teat orifices. The lining epithelium of mucosal surface was stratified squamous. The second layer was a mixture of the smooth muscles and connective tissue. The third layer was the skin which was stratified squamous epithelium. The beginingof the activity of the mammary gland was recorded at 5 years old which at the age of maturity of she-camel. The main involution criteria associated with the cessation of lactation or with aging summarized as followings:
• Decreasing of the number of the secretory acini to be sporadic one or two which was collapsed and small in size.
• Increasing of content of stromal collagen fibers.
• Lymphocytic infiltration was replacing the acini during the dry period.
• Appearance of adipocytes in a higher concentration.
• The apoptosis was associated with the involution during the non-lactation period.