الفهرس 
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Abstract
Most of the Arab countries suffer from a severe shortage of clean
water for drinking or agriculture. Egypt has approached the stage of
water poverty that requires serious research and real attempts to
overcome this serious problem. It has now a well-established fact that
human health and the well-being of communities was totally linked to
the health and integrity of their ecosystems. The World Health
Organization stated in its 1997 report on the state of health and the
environment that poor environmental quality and ecosystems were
directly responsible for 25% of all diseases that could be classified as
preventable (such as acute respiratory infections, malaria, diarrhea,
hepatitis and occupational diseases). Water pollution occurs according
to the specific sources of pollution from household drainage in many
parts of Egypt, especially in rural villages. If water pollution is
allowed to grow unchecked, it has the potential to cause major
economic and health repercussions for the country. Among the most
important research that can contribute to solving the problem of water
purification, improvement of its quality and reuse even in agriculture
instead of waste and disposal, for example, like many scientific
methods applied in this regard. They include adsorption, precipitation,
ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electrochemical treatments, membrane filtration, evaporation, flotation, oxidation processes and bioabsorption.
Advanced technologies for wastewater treatment are more
beneficial and effective. It includes membrane filtration, ion exchange,
electrolysis, absorption, etc. Membrane filtration used for treatment of
wastewater is: ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and
electrophoresis dialysis. The development of new and cost-effective
nanomaterials for various environmental concerns and other
applications has attracted great interest. Recent developments indicate
that many problems involving water quality can be identified by using
nanoparticles, nanofiltration, or other products resulting from the
development of nanotechnology. Therefore, membranes can be used in
wastewater treatment. Therefore, this work aims to reuse wastewater
by filtered it by preparing membranes from cellulose acetate, which
the cellulose was extracted from rice straw, which is available as
agricultural residues from rice cultivation.
The membranes were formed by cellulose which extracted from rice
straw. Rice straw consists of 35% cellulose, 25% hemicellulose, 20%
lignin and 17% ash (mainly 94% silica by weight). Magnetite
nanoparticles have been extensively prepared for many technological,
medical and industrial applications: such as magnetic nanoparticles.
So is the imidazole zeolite ZIF-8. In particular, the prepared ZIF-8
imidazole nanoparticles and zeolite framework were used as filler for the porous membrane to apply these nanoparticles and ZIF-8 in
various potential fields. Cellulose was extracted from rice straw,
which used in the manufacture of membranes. The cellulose acetate
membranes were manufactured by TIPS thermally induced phase
separation which allows an exchange between the solvent and the nonsolvent
to form pores. The cellulose acetate membrane was modified
with various additives such as calcium carbonate,
polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol with different weight%
such as (4, 6, 8, 10 wt%) each material separately, and also magnetic
nanoparticles and ZIF-8 imidazole zeolite were added as fillers to
reduce pore size. The additives act as a pore filler, which reduces the
size of the pores and will lead to an increase in the efficiency of the
membranes in wastewater treatment, which was confirmed by SEM
and AFM tests compared to the cellulose acetate membrane without
any additives.
The chemical composition was verified to demonstrate the extraction
of cellulose, the formation of cellulose acetate, the preparation of
magnetic nanoparticles and imidazole zeolite ZIF-8, and the synthesis
of all types of films with different additives. Using the FTIR infrared
test
The thermal stability and magnetic component of all materials were
studied by thermogravimetric analysis which proved to enhance thermal stability compared to cellulose acetate film without any
additives.
The factors affecting the efficiency of the membrane were studied. We
study the pH, the effect of temperature, and the type and concentration
of additives.
Atomic flame absorption spectroscopy and ion chromatography were
used to measure IONS ions before and after the filtration process, to
evaluate the efficiency ratio of the prepared films.
The efficiency of the modified membranes was evaluated in treating a
sample of wastewater, and the results proved that modifying the
cellulose acetate membranes with polyvinyl pyrrolidone at 10% wt
gives the highest rate in water purification, and then adding a weight
ratio of 1% of nanoparticles or zeolite imidazole ZIF 8- To the
membranes modified with polyvinylpyrrolidone to raise its efficiency,
which was confirmed by the SEM and AFM tests, compared to the
cellulose acetate membrane without any additives
At the end of the work it was determined that the best additive was
polyvinylpyrrolidone at pH 7and 35oC.
It can be seen that the order of the efficiency of polymers and
magnetic nanoparticles on the membrane removal efficiency is MT-
24> MT-20> MT-28> MT-11> MT-7> MT-15> MT-16> MT-3> MT-
2 This can be explained by the fact that the additives increase the
surface area of the membrane, which reduces the size of the pores and
thus increases the efficiency of removal.