الفهرس 
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Abstract
V. SUMMARY
Globally, Fish farming plays a fundamental role in food security and provide a source of animal protein for feeding the continuous growth population. In Egypt the aquaculture sector has witnessed a rapid and remarkable development in recent years, far outstripping the production of natural fisheries. Even though this development there is a current gap between supply of fish farms and fish consumption due to the annually increase in per capita consumption of fish as a result the expansion in fish farming is the only viable option to reduce this gap.
Fish is considered the main source of cheap animal protein for the Egyptian people with limited-income due to the relatively high prices of red meat and poultry. In addition, fish has avital role in improving health status of human being as it rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, easily digestible protein , vitamin , minerals and has anti-inflammatory effect
Despite the importance of this sector, it is exposed to many limitations that prevent sustainable development of this sector as disease outbreak, availability of production resources, lack of financing and capital access, high production cost especially feed and fry, so it was important to study the main factors affecting productive and economic efficiency of fish farming , illustrating the role of veterinary management practice in fish health management, preventing diseases outbreak and mass mortality that cause severe economic losses.
The study was carried out through field survey in different governorates in Egypt (Kafr El-Sheikh, Behera and Alexandria ) based on their importance in fish farming as they are considered from the top provinces in fish farming in Egypt, the study carried out through the growing season of 2019 and the production and financial data about the year 2018, 2017 by asking the farmers about the previous production cycles, random sample of freshwater fish farming sector include small and medium private sectors and governmental sector. Fish spp. included in the study were freshwater fish spp. ( tilapia , mugil cephalus and mugil capito) to
• Evaluate the factors affecting the economic and productive efficiency of fish farms Egyptian conditions.
• Estimate the economic parameters including cost of production, gross return, and net profit, studying the inter-relationships among different inputs, outputs, and production parameters.
• Study the incidence of common infectious diseases
The current study was based on collecting production and financial information from pond-based fish farms depending on cross sectional input and output data. In the absence of a database for all fish farms, so for the purpose of the study , questionnaire survey was conducted among fish producers. These questionnaires were applied through field visits with face to face interview with fish producers. The data was collated, tabulated, and sorted into different categories
( productive and financial ) data , t were coded and incorporated into computerized databases using SPSS/PC+ (Statistical Package for Social Science) “version 25’’.
The results of this study are summarized in various sub-sections as follows:
A- Productive efficiency of feedlot calves
Average amount of feed consumed:
• Spp. : the highest value recorded in tilapia spp. in governmental sector (226.90 kg/1000fish) while the lowest values recorded in mugil cephalus and mugil capito respectively in private sector (137.94, 132.78 kg/1000 fish).
• Locality : had a significant effect at (P<0.05) on feed amount consumed, the highest value (198.82 kg/1000 fish) recorded in Behera governorate , while the lowest value (151.30 kg/fish) recorded in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate.
• Stocking density: had a significant effect at (P<0.05) on amount of feed consumed , the highest value (196.80 kg/1000 fish ) recorded in high density rates while the lowest value (161.58 kg/1000 fish) recorded in low density rates.
Initial stocking weight:
• Spp. : it was observed that all farmers preferred to stock their ponds with large fingerlings ( over wintered stocked ) , the highest value recorded in tilapia spp. (30.82 g/fingerlings) in medium density rates , while the lowest value recorded in mullet spp. (25.65g/fingerlings ) in low stocking density rate.
• Locality and sector don’t have a powerful effect on initial stocking weight.
Stocking period (growing season ):
• Spp. : stocking period ranged from 6-7 months as fish farming represented a summer seasonality pattern . the highest value( 7.33 months ) recorded in Alexandria governorate while the lowest value (6.55 months ) recorded in Behera governorate.
• Sectors and stocking density had no remarkable significance in stocking period.
Mortality ratio:
• Spp., stocking density had a significance effect, tilapia recorded the highest values (0.16, 0.15) in medium and high-density rates respectively, while mullet recorded the lowest value (0.04 ) in low density rates.
• Locality , sector had no significant effect on mortality ratio
Average final (marketing) weight (g/fish):
• Spp. mugil cephalus recorded the highest value (570.66 g/fish) in Behera governorate , while tilapia recorded the lowest value (299.67 g/fish) in Alexandria governorate.
• Locality had a significant effect on average marketing weight. recorded the highest value (409.25 g/fish) in Alexandria governorate , while the lowest value (386.05 g/fish) observed in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate.
• Stocking density had a significant effect on average final weight (g/fish), the highest value (438.24 g/fish) recorded in low density rate while the lowest value (298.66 g/fish) recorded in medium density rate. While sector has no significant effect on average final weight (g/fish).
Total production (kg/1000 fish):
• Spp. and sectors : mugil cephalus recorded the highest value (534.68 kg/1000 fish) in private sector while tilapia recorded the lowest value (267.09, 253.46 kg/1000 fish) in governmental and private sector respectively.
• Locality: had a significant effect on total production , the highest value (379.25 kg/1000 fish) recorded in Alexandria , while the lowest value (356.90 kg/1000 fish) recorded in Kafr Sheikh governorate.
• Stocking density rate had a significant effect on total production. the highest value (418.83 kg/1000 fish) recorded in low density rate. , while the lowest value (251.48 kg/1000 fish) recorded in medium density rate. .
Average daily gain (g d-1/1000 fish):
• Locality : had a significant on average daily gain .The highest (1817.11 g/day) recorded in Behera governorate, while the lowest value (1564.88 g/day ) recorded in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate.
• Sector: had a significant effect on average daily gain , the highest value (1744.14 g/day) recorded in governmental sector , while the lowest value (1598.03 g/day) recorded in private sector.
• Stocking density rate had a significant effect on average daily gain , the highest value (1941.33 g/day ) recorded in low density rate in mullet spp. while the lowest value (1135.10 g/day) recorded in medium density rate in tilapia.
Feed conversion ratio (FCR):
• Locality: had a significant effect on feed conversion ratio, the highest value (0.67 ) recorded in Behera governorate, while the lowest (0.53) recorded in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate.
• Sector: had a significant effect on feed conversion ratio, the highest value recorded in governmental sector (0.68) while the lowest value (0.49) recorded in private sector.
• Stocking density : had a significant effect on feed conversion ratio, the highest value (.93) recorded in medium density rate in tilapia spp. while the lowest value ( .45) recorded in low density rate in mullet spp.
B- The Economic efficiency of Fish Farms
Economic structure of fish farms consists of variable costs and total costs
1- Variable costs :
Variable cost varied significantly according to fish spp., locality and sectors included in the study. Variable costs represented 77.68 % of total costs in high density rates of tilapia .
Feed cost/1000 fish:
• Spp. : The highest mean value (1867.17 EGP/1000 fish) recorded in tilapia in Behera governorate represented about 70.5 % of total variable cot , while the lowest value (1203.19, 1203.84 EGP /1000 fish) recorded mugil cephalus and mugil capito respectively in Kafr El-Sheikh governate.
• Sector : had a significant effect on feed cost , the highest value (1650.07 EGP/1000 fish) recorded in governmental sector , while the lowest value (1243.74 EGP/1000 fish) recorded in private sector.
• Stocking density: had a significant effect on feed cost, the highest value recorded in high density rate ( 1663.10 EGP/1000 fish) in contrast to low density rate that recorded the lowest value (1365.75 EGP/1000 fish).
Fry cost/1000 fingerlings :
• Spp. : The highest value (2800.00 EGP/1000 fingerlings) recorded in mugil cephalus in Alexandria governorate, while the lowest value (315.42 /1000 fingerlings) recorded in tilapia in Behera governorate.
• Stocking density : had a significant effect on fry cost , the highest value (1653.71 EGP/1000 fingerlings ) recorded in low density rate. while the lowest value (319.19 EGP/1000 fingerlings) recorded in high density rates. But sectors didn’t have a remarkable significance in fry cost.
Labor cost/1000fish :
• Sectors: had a significant effect on labor cost (both seasonal and labor cost ), the highest values (30.53, 621.53 EGP) for seasonal and permeant labor respectively recorded in private sector while the lowest values (20.87, 115.62 EGP) recorded in governmental sector.
• Stocking density: had a significant effect on labor cost , the highest values (31.07, 504.53 EGP) for seasonal and permanent labor respectively recorded in low density rate in mullet spp., while the lowest values (10.99, 29.25 EGP) recorded in high density rates in tilapia. But locality didn’t have a significant effect on labor cost.
Fuel and transportation cost /1000 fish:
• Locality : had a significant effect on fuel and transportation cost, the highest value of fuel cost (1252.98 EGP) recorded in Behera that recorded the lowest value of Transportation cost (68.61 EGP) , while the lowest value of fuel cost (615.59 EGP) recorded in Alexandria governorate that recorded the highest value of transportation cost (92.82 EGP).
• Sector : had a significant effect on fuel cost , the highest value (1293.37 EGP) recorded in private sector, while the lowest value 616.68 EGP) recorded in governmental sector. But sector didn’t have a significant effect on transportation cost .
• Stocking density : had a significant effect on fuel and transportation cost, the highest values (1332.51, 83.81 EGP) of fuel and transportation respectively recorded in low density rates in mullet spp. , while the lowest value ( 46.96 EGP) of transportation cost recorded in medium density rates , lowest value of fuel (72.83 EGP) recorded in high density rate in tilapia .
Total veterinary cost /1000 fish:
• Total veterinary cost varied widely according to different localities the highest value (222.53 EGP) recorded in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, while the lowest value (122.61 EGP) recorded in Alexandria governorate
• Total veterinary cost , also varied widely between sectors, the highest value (220.10 EGP) recorded in governmental sector , while the lowest value (145.31 L.E) recorded in private sector
• Spp. in different density rates ha a significant effect on total veterinary cost , the highest value (227.06 EGP) recorded in mullet spp. in low density rate , while the lowest value (97.43 EGP) recorded in tilapia in medium density rate.
Pond repairs and maintenance cost/1000 fish :
• Fish spp. in different density rates had a significant effect on pond repairs cost , the highest value ( 329.07 EGP) recorded in low density rate in mullet spp. , while the lowest value (25.33 EGP) recorded in tilapia in high density rate.
• Sector and locality didn’t have a remarkable significant in pond repairs cost.
2- Fixed costs :
Fixed cost varied significantly according to different fish spp., locality, sector, and density rate included in the study.
Land rent :
• Land rent represented the largest portion of fixed costs in all governorates , the highest value (7480.47 EGP) recorded in Alexandria governorate, while the lowest value ( 3777.63 EGP) recorded in Behera governorate
• Spp. in different density rate had a significant effect on land rent , the highest value (7416.77 EGP) recorded in low density rate in mullet spp. while , the lowest value (605.27 EGP) observed in high density rate in tilapia
• Land rent varied widely between sectors, the highest value (6331.32 EGP) recorded in private sector, while the lowest value (4152.23 EGP) was in governmental sector.
Deprecation costs ( pond and machine ):
• Depreciation cost represented the smallest proportion of fixed cost . fish spp. in different localities had a significant effect on depreciation cost , the highest values (258.23, 121.76 EGP) of pond and machine respectively recoded for mullet spp. in low density rate , while the lowest value (20.66, 9.54 EGP) recorded for tilapia spp. in high density rate.
3- Return and profitability of fish farms:
Marketing price (selling price) / kg fish :
• Spp., in different density rate had a significant effect on selling price , the highest value (42.27 EGP/kg) recorded in mullet spp. in low density rate with mugil cephalus recorded the highest value (49.38 EGP/kg) while the lowest values (26.00, 26.64 EGP/kg) recorded in tilapia in medium and high density rate respectively.
• Marketing price varied widely among localities, the highest value (38.19 EGP/kg) recorded in Alexandria governorate, while the lowest value (36.08EGP/kg) recorded in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate
Net profit /1000 fish:
• Net profit varied widely according to locality , the highest value ( 6207.24 EGP) recorded in Behera governorate while the lowest value (3457.00 EGP) recorded in Alexandria governate. Net profit differed according to sector, the highest value (6448.87 EGP) recorded in governmental sector, while the lowest value (2847.77 EGP) recorded in private sector.
• Spp. in different density rates had a significant effect on net profit, the highest value (5220.82 EGP.) recorded in mullet spp. in low density rate, while the lowest value (3351.13 EGP) observed in tilapia in medium density rates.
4- Collective, partial, and veterinary management efficiency measures.:
• The collective efficiency parameters were measured to determine the most efficient spp., sector, density, and locality of production. While the partial efficiency parameters were measured to calculate the costs of each 1kg fish from drugs, , veterinary supervision and total veterinary costs.
• BCR indicated that tilapia specie in high density rates is highly profitable with highest value (2.46) .
• governmental sector has the chance to get higher net profit margin than private sector. With highest value (43.18% ) in contrast to the lowest value in private sector ( 27.13% ).
• Total cost/kg of tilapia spp. ranged from ( 11.10, 13.25 EGP/kg)in high and medium density rate respectively with net profit/kg ranged from (15.54, 12.75 EGP/kg)
• Total cost/kg of mullet spp. (30.55 EGP/kg) in low density rate with net profit/kg (11.74 EGP/kg).
5- Correlation between factors affecting total production/1000 fish :
Correlation was measured among factors affecting total production. The result was classified in positive and negative.
6- Productive and cost functions.:
Total production function/1000 fish were determined in linear and logarithmic forms and the best forms of the functions were the logarithmic functions which describe the relationship between total production /1000 fish as the dependent variable and variables affecting fish farms production as the independent variables. These functions indicated that the best variables affecting fish farm production are feed amount, stocking period, mortality ratio, marketing weight, drug, and veterinary supervision.
cost functions were determined to explain the relationship between costs of production, either variable or total costs, as the independent variables and the production/1000 fish as dependent variable , the result indicated that the main significant cost that effect on production is variable costs
C- Infectious disease affecting different fish spp. during the study:
The main infectious diseases affect fish spp. during the study were, Motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS), Pseudomonas Septicemia ,Streptococcosis, Flavobacterium Disease (columnaris) and Saprolegniasis.