الفهرس 
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the positive effect of ZnONPs and CZnO in rats on the behavioural patterns, reproductive performance of male and female, in addition to the learning ability of adult males and their pups.
The summary of the results can be viewed on the following headings:
I- Difference between ZnONPs and CZnO effects on adult male rats behavioural patterns:
1. ZnONPs had a beneficial role on behavioural patterns of adult male rats than CZnO through increasing ingestive, body care, investigatory behaviours and movement activities. However, it had some difference from control including higher licking frequency and lower lying time.
2. The afternoon period was highest for drinking and others investigation in both treatment, while, morning was highest for standing idle time.
3. However, the feeding, drinking, cage and others investigation percentage was the highest through the afternoon period, while standing idle was highest in the morning for the CZnO group. On the other hand, ZnONPs was highest for movement activities through the afternoon.
4. The interaction between treatments and weeks period showed an increase in drinking, licking, scratching, cage investigation frequencies and standing time in CZnO.
5. However, in ZnONPs standing time, licking and scratching frequencies were increased through weeks, while lying time, movement, cage and others investigation frequencies were decreased.
6. On the other hand, standing idle percentage was increased in both zinc oxide forms through weeks.
II- Effect of ZnONPs and CZnO different doses on adult male rats behavioural patterns:
1. The spent time feeding and standing idle increased in ZnONPs (10mg/kgbwt). While, licking and investigation frequencies increased in ZnONPs (5 mg/kg bwt) from any other forms of treatment or doses.
2. However, CZnO (5 mg/kgbwt) showed decreased drinking and movement frequencies and increased lying time. While, CZno (10 mg/kg bwt) had a decreased scratching and movement frequencies.
3. Different behaviours percentages revealed an increase in ZnONPs (5mg/kgbwt) for drinking, licking and investigation. Whereas, ZnONPs (10 mg/kgbwt) increased standing idle and movement activities.
4. However, CZnO (5mg/kgbwt) decreased drinking, movement, investigation and standing idle. while, CZnO (10 mg/kg bwt) decreased licking.
5. Concerning the interaction between treatments with different doses of both zinc oxide forms and time period of day: the afternoon period was the highest for drinking and others investigation in ZnONPs (10 mg/kg bwt) while, the morning was the highest for standing time in ZnONPs (10 mg/kg bwt), CZno (5 mg/kg bwt) and control.
6. On the other hand, there was an increase in CZno (5 and 10 mg/kg bwt) for drinking, CZno (5 mg/kg bwt) for feeding, CZno (10 mg/kg bwt) for other investigation, ZnONPs (5 mg/kg bwt) and control for movement activities percentages through the afternoon period. However, CZno (5 mg/kg bwt) increased standing idle in the morning period.
7. The interaction between treatment and weeks period revealed an increase in licking and scratching frequencies for both doses in both forms of Zinc oxide, also, standing idle time for ZnONPs (10 mg/kg bwt) and drinking frequency and standing idle time for CZno (10 mg/kg bwt).
8. However, a decrease in others investigation frequency for ZnONPs (5 mg/kg bwt), lying time for ZnONPs (10 mg/kg bwt) and both doses of CZno, while, movement activities through weeks for both doses of ZnONPs.
9. On the other hand, standing idle percentage was increased in both doses of CZno and only (10 mg/kg bwt) for ZnONPs, however, feeding percentage was increased in CZno (10 mg/kg bwt) through weeks.
III- Effect of ZnONPs and CZnO different doses on male and female rats’ reproductive performance:
1. Reproductive performance of males revealed that ZnONPs (5 mg/kg bwt) showed an increase in sperm motility, viability percentage, epididymis and prostate glands weight, whereas, decreased sperm abnormalities percentage.
2. However, ZnONPs (10 mg/kgbwt) showed a decrease in ejaculatory latency, sperm motility, viability, abnormalities, testes, semiinal vesicles and prostate glands weight, while, increased mount latency and sperm count.
3. On the other side, CZnO (5 mg/kg bwt) increased ejaculatory latency, sperm motility, abnormalities and seminal vesicles weight, with a decrease in prostate glands weight.
4. On contrary, CZnO (10 mg/kg bwt) had an increased sperm viability, count, testes and prostate glands weight but had a decreased ejaculatory latency and sperm motility.
5. Reproductive performance of females revealed that infanticide significantly increased in those mated with male adminstered CZnO (5 mg/kg bwt) than others.
6. However, there was an increment only in birth weight of pups for those male rats received ZnONPs (10 mg/kg bwt) and control than other groups. Although, the weaning weight decreased in pups of all treated groups than control group.
IV - Effect of ZnONPs and CZnO different doses on adult male rats and their pups learning ability:
1. The open field test of adult male rats showed a significant decrease in the lines crossed centrally and rearing number in all treated groups either by ZnONPs or CZnO than control rats.
2. Spent time in target quadrant for the morris water maze was significantly longer in rats received ZnONPs (10 mg/kg bwt) than other groups. Moreover, it revealed an increment in rats treated by ZnONPs (5 mg/kg bwt) than those administered CZnO (10 mg/kg bwt).
3. The open field test in pups indicated that the lines crossed centrally number showed an increment in pups of male rats received ZnONPs (10 mg/kg bwt) than others. Furthermore, fecal pellets number significantly increased in pups of all treated groups than control one.
4. However, urination number significantly decreased in pups of male rats adminstered ZnONPs (10 mg/kg bwt) than other groups. Moreover, licking number significantly decreased in pups of male rats treated by CZnO (5 mg/kg bwt) than those administered both doses of ZnONPs.
5. Concerning the sex effect for the different treated groups, male pups showed a decrement in urination, fecal pellets, total lines crossed, central lines crossed, peripheral lines crossed and rearing number in those received ZnONPs (10mg/kg bwt).
6. However, female pups were the highest for scratching number for those administered ZnONPs (5 mg/kg bwt). On the other side, both doses of CZnO had a decrement in central, peripheral, total lines crossed and rearing number in male pups.
7. The elevated plus maze measurements in pups revealed that ZnONPs (5 mg/kg bwt) showed an increase in spent time in open arms, its percentage, open arms entries number, its percentage and closed arms entries number but decreased in spent time in closed arms, its percentage and closed arms entries percentage.
8. Whereas, ZnONPs (10 mg/kg bwt) showed an increase in open arm entries percentage, open arms and closed arms entries numbers.
9. However, closed arms entries number decreased in CZnO (5 mg/kg bwt) while, closed arms entries percentage increased in CZnO (10 mg/kg bwt).
10. The sex effect for the different treated groups, indicated that females of ZnONPs (5mg/kg bwt) showed an increase in spent time in open arms and its percentage, while, had a decrease in spent time in closed arms and its percentage. Although, male pups of same group revealed an increase in closed arms entries number.
11. However, the female pups of ZnONPs (10 mg/kg bwt) had decreased latency to enter closed arms, while, the entries in open and closed arms number increased.
12. The Morris water maze of pups indicated that ZnONPs (5 mg/kg bwt) showed an increase in escape latency and spent time in target quadrant, while, had a decrease in trials reaching target quadrant number.
13. However, those of ZnONPs (10 mg/kg bwt) showed an increase in target quadrant spent time.
14. Concerning the sex effect for the different treated groups: female pups had the shortest escape latency for those treated by CZnO (5 mg/kg bwt), while, the longest in those of ZnONPs (5 mg/kg bwt), in addition to longer latency to reach target quadrant with the shortest spent time in it in males.
15. However, the male pups were the longest for latency to reach target quadrant in CZnO (10 mg/kg bwt), with lower spent time in target quadrant. On the other hand, the trials reaching target quadrant number increased in males of CZnO (5 mg/kg bwt).