الفهرس 
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Abstract
Foot and mouth disease is one of the most virulent viral diseases of cloven hoofed animals which causes high economic losses as well as a main barrier for the international trade of animal products.
There is no effective treatment for this disease until now and the problem of vaccine is its limited efficiency because the ability of the virus to change immunologically rapidly. If the strain of the virus matches that of the epidemic immunologically, the animal should take a vaccine after four months after first two doses. The effect of vaccine does not extend for a long time so it should be repeated.
This study was established in order to investigate the effect of immunomdulators on the immune response of vaccinated calves to FMD trivalent vaccine. All animals were treated with broad spectrum anthelementic prior to vaccination. All calves were clinically healthy and free from antibodies against foot and mouth disease virus type O Panasia 2, type A Iran 05 & type Sat 2 Egypt as proved by serum neutralization test. The study was applied on 25 calves divided into five groups. Each group contains five frezian calves. The first 4 groups were vaccinated with FMD Tri-Apthovac MEVAC vaccine (contain strains O Panasia 2 + A Iran 05 + SAT2 Egypt) in a dose of 2 ml injected S/C and boostering again after 21 days. group (2) were simultaneously inoculated with FMD and Levamisole hydrochloride 7.5% solution (2.5mg/kg body weight) injected for 3 consecutive days, rest for 3 days then repeat the dose for another 3 consecutive days by subcutaneous injection. group (3) were simultaneously inoculated FMD vaccine and BCG 0.5 cm intradermal. group (4) were simultaneously inoculated with FMD vaccine and para pox ovis (zylexis) in a dose of 2 ml intramuscular and repeated after 48 hours. Groups (5) were kept without vaccination as negative control. No other drugs were administered during the course of experiment
The humoral response of calves were determined by serum neutralization test (SNT) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while the cellular immune response were detected by lymphocyte transformation assay, total leucocytic count, differential leucocytic count, , phagocytic activity and phagocytic index.