الفهرس | Only 14 pages are availabe for public view |
Abstract Tramadol abuse has dramatically increased in Egypt since 2008 and has led to many serious health and social problems leading to many admissions to addiction treatment centres. Repeated tramadol administration in such patients might lead to accumulation of toxic metabolites in their blood and thus increase its potential for toxicity. Many researchers have explored and evaluated the effects of chronic use of tramadol on many body organs, for example, liver, kidney, testes, heart, and thyroid gland. Owing to the few researches on the evaluation of the effect of chronic use of tramadol on the endocrine system, the objective of this study was to analyze the experimentally induced adrenal insufficiency owing to chronic use of tramadol. Melatonin is a potent hormone produced by the pineal gland; acts as scavenger of reactive oxidative radicals. It can prevent free radical-induced cellular oxidative damage and can contribute to the physiological functions of the antioxidant defensive system. Also, it can stimulate several antioxidant enzymes, thereby facilitating more antioxidant activities and stabilizing cell membranes. In addition, it modulates the gene expression of several protective enzymes and reduces apoptosis and lipid peroxidation. Melatonin and its metabolites have anti-inflammatory properties and have been proven to be highly effective in a variety of disorders linked to inflammation and oxidative stress. In the current work melatonin used to study its protective effect against hazards of tramadol on suprarenal cortex. |