الفهرس 
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Abstract
Radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) hazard was considered one of the most dangerous sorts of pollution due to its adverse effect on the physiological functions of the body. Low exposure to RF-EMF from mobile phones may cause health difficulties such as stress, anxiety, tiredness, headache, decreased learning potential, and impairment in cognitive functions.
Rosemary extract has therapeutic properties and has been used in the medicine, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries, mainly for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which are attributed to the presence of carnosol/carnosic and ursolic acids.
This study was designed to assess the impact of 1800 MHz at power of 30 dBm long term exposure (10 weeks) on hematological analysis of mice blood samples, liver functions, glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), C-reactive protein (CRP), cytochrome P 450 2E1 (CYP2E1), glutathione -S- transferase -Pi isoenzyme (GST Pi) , DNA fragmentation index DFI%(αt) in leucocytes and frequency of micronucleated ploychromatic erythrocytes percent (fMPCE%) of male mice and the prophylactic effect of rosemary extract against RF-EMF effect.
This study was included 4 groups of adult male albino mice, each group was composed of 30 mice. These are control, rosemary, radiated and radiated -treated group.
Control group received no effector all over the study duration (10 weeks), rosemary group mice received 220 mg/kg daily dose by oral gavage for 10 weeks, radiated group received 2hrs of RF-EMF as daily dose over the study duration and radiated-treated group received rosemary extract 220 mg/kg alongside with RF-EMR dose for 2hrs on daily basis for 10 weeks.
Current results illustrated that the exposure of RF-EMF led to reduction in multiple hematological parameters as Hb concentration, RBCs count, HCT % and RDW-CV%, while led to elevation in some other hematological parameters as MCV, MCH, and MCHC in radiated group when compared to control group. This may be due to the exposure to RF-EMF which led to deterioration of RBCs function and metabolic activity via three supposed mechanisms which are destruction in cellular large molecules, imbalance in ionic equilibrium and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). While the elevation in platelets count in radiated group when compare with the control group due to excessive cellular proliferation of megakaryocytes in bone marrow of subjected animals by activation of thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor after exposure RF-EMF.
The measured liver functions parameters (GOT, GPT, GGT, ALP and albumin) showed significantly increased in the radiated group when compared to both control and rosemary groups. This may indicate that the RF-EMF stimulate generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which cause oxidative stress and led to disrupt membrane phospholipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
The results illustrated the elevation of CYP2E1 expression and the reduction GSTPi expression in radiated group when compared with both control and rosemary groups. This may be due to the activation of NF-κB after RF-EMF exposure. NF-κB activation led to activate CYP2E1 expression and act as a silencer for GSTPi gene which suppress transcription of its gene.
The exposure of RF-EMF led to reduction in GSH and TAC in the radiated and radiated-treated groups when compared to both control and rosemary groups, while elevation in GST specific activity. This may be attributed to oxidative stress induced by RF-EMF exposure through excessive production for ROS.
The radiated group showed that DFI%(αt) was non-significant increment compared with control and significant increment compared with rosemary group. Also, the elevation of frequency of micronucleated ploychromatic erythrocytes percent (fMPCE%) in radiated group when compared with both control and rosemary groups. This is a direct reflection for RF-EMF exposure, where ROS liberated and induces DNA damage.
The antioxidant activity of rosemary extract defended against the adverse effects of ROS generated by long term exposure of RF-EMF in many of tested parameters (Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW-CV%, PDW, ALP, albumin, GSTPi, DFI%(αt) and fMPCE%) in radiated-treated group compared to control group. The protective effect of rosemary extract may be attributed to its antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities due to its higher contents of polyphenolic. These polyphenolic compounds act as metal ion chelators (Fe+2), therefore reducing the formation of ROS.
The rosemary group illustrated increment in relative monocytes count and non-significant increase in absolute count when compared with control. Also, both recorded significant increase in radiated-treated group when compared with control or radiated group. The increment of monocytes in groups received RE can be attributed to carnosic acid which can inhibit monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells via inhibition of IL-1β-induced ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin expression in endothelial cells.
A significant increment in relative neutrophilic count in rosemary group when compared with control. Also, the absolute neutrophils count showed significant increment in radiated-treated group when compared to both control and rosemary group. This may be the inhibition of IL-1β induced molecules, stimulate the bone marrow to proliferate neutrophils as negative feedback effect.
Rosemary group showed significant reduction in relative lymphocytes count when compared with control. Also, the absolute and relative lymphocytes count showed significant reduction in radiated-treated group when compared to control group. This may be because of rosemary ingredient trans-caffeic acid which inhibit the activity of STAT3 led to disabling of lymphocytic proliferation stimulant.
The rosemary group showed insignificant change when compared to control group in most tested parameters (Hb, RBCs, MCH, MCHC, RDW-CV%, platelets, TLC, GOT, GPT, ALP, Albumin, GGT, GSH, GST, CRP, CYP2E1 gene expression, GSTPi gene expression, %DFαt and fMPCE%). These results gave an indication for the safety of rosemary extract administration.
Since RF-EMF induced production of ROS which caused adverse impacts were obviously seen change the hematological parameters, elevation in liver functions, GST, DFI%(αt), fMPCE%, CYP4502E1. Reduction in GSH concentration, TAC and GST Pi gene expression. Rosemary showed potential positive effects in mitigation of those adverse effects caused by RF-EMF at the given dose and duration.