الفهرس 
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the primary malignant
tumor of the liver, in adult men it is the fifth most frequently
diagnosed cancer, and in adult women, it is the ninth most commonly
diagnosed worldwide. HCC is the fourth leading cause of cancerrelated
death in the world. HCC results in approximately 800,000
deaths globally per annum. HCC has unique geographic, sex, and age
distributions that are likely determined by specific etiologic factor.
A variety of important risk factors for the development of
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been identified. These include
hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection, chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV)
infection, hereditary hemochromatosis, and cirrhosis of almost any
cause.
In one analysis of 770,000 cases of HCC occurring worldwide
in 2012, over 50 percent of cases were attributed to chronic HBV and
20 percent of cases were attributed to HCV infection.
Despite the great progress that has been made in the renovation
of radiological and imaging methods such as ultrasound, computed
tomography, and magneticresonance imaging detection, the
differentiation of nodular masses among HCC and benign tumors
remains occasionally very difficult. It is especially difficult to discern
between HCC from dysplastic nodules, even for pathologists, who are
the final diagnostic reporter representing the gold standard.
However, the sensitivity and specificity of the individual
markers for proper diagnosing is barely satisfactory and may influence
the accuracy of the diagnosis and subsequent therapy .Therefore, there
is an urgent clinical need to develop novel reliable biomarkers to
Summary