الفهرس 
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Abstract
IAH is redefined as an intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) at or above 12 mmHg. Abdominal compartmental syndrome (ACS) is redefined as an IAP above 20 mmHg with evidence of organ dysfunction/failure. ACS is further classified as either primary, secondary, or recurrent based upon the duration and cause of the IAH-induced organ failure. Standards for IAP monitoring are set forth to facilitate the accuracy of IAP measurements from patient to patient.
Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is usually below 4 mmHg and even in most obese patients, it does not exceed 8 mmHg. Sustained or repeated elevation of IAP above 12 mmHg is called intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and is considered an important mortality risk factor in the intensive care unit (ICU). When not treated, IAH has a series of consequences which lead to abdominal compartmental syndrome (ACS), where IAP increases over 20 mmHg, causing multi system organ failure, and finally death.
Elevated IAP can take place in various clinical settings, including trauma, major burns, abdominal surgery, severe heart failure, hepatorenal syndrome, and critically ill patients. IAH has many risk factors.The prevalence is higher in patients with septic shock, especially those who received massive volume resuscitation or mechanically ventilated.
The effects of increased IAP are multiple, but the kidney is especially vulnerable to increased IAP because of its anatomic position. Although the means by which kidney function is impaired in patients with ACS is incompletely elucidated, available evidence suggests that the most important factor involves alterations in renal