الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Forensic medicine is the application of medical knowledge to establish facts in civil or
criminal legal cases, Forensic identification of a human remains of human skeletons is
challenging and very important step in the identification of unknown skull, and considered as
one of the main parts of forensic procedures, especially when natural disasters occur where
forensic investigator receives unknown skeletal remains.
Age and gender determination in forensic sciences are primary components of any
skeletal analysis and based on differences in size and shape between males and females.
Various body parts are being used for gender determination such as skull, pelvis, it has been
reported that the accuracy rate of gender determination is 100% from a skeleton, 98% from
both the pelvis and the skull, 95% from the pelvis only or the pelvis and the long bones, 90–
95% from both the skull, the problem is when the skull and other bones may be badly
disfigured and recovered in incomplete state in victims, it is often necessary to use bones that
are recovered intact, It has been reported that maxillary sinuses remain intact, and considered
as an alternative areas of the skeleton to be researched for gender determination.
Radiological identification of gender is used in cases where the body is decomposed and
fragmented or burned. CBCT provides an excellent method for screening of the maxillary
sinuses, with high accuracy and reliability linear measurements for reconstruction and
imaging of dental and maxillofacial structures.
Maxillary sinuses are air filled cavities, pyramidal in shape, located in the maxillary
bone, its base at the lateral nasal wall and its apex extending up to the zygomatic process of
the maxilla. Maxillary sinus has various sizes and shapes. They tend to appear at the end of
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the second embryonic month and reach their mature size at the second decade of life, when
the permanent teeth fully develop.
The present study was designed to evaluate the maxillary sinuses measurements (the
height, width, and length) for gender and age determination, also to detect the most common
shape of maxillary sinus and to determine the prevalence of maxillary sinus septa in Egyptian
population sample using cone beam computed tomography.
The present study is retrospective study that was conducted a total of 82 CBCT images
of subjects between 20-65 years were selected, patients referred for CBCT examination for
other reasons.
The result of the current study no statistical difference was found between the males and
females, and no statistical difference in measurements in patients younger than 40 years old
and older than 40 years old
The present study concluded that the dimensions of maxillary cannot be used for gender
and age determination. This study also found the prevalence of septa was 47% and maxillary
sinus morphology was pyramid shape in 100%.