الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY
This study was carried out in the Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra-Elkheima, Egypt and Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt during the period from 2013 to 2020 to improve two ornamental plants traits using mutation induction.
The two plants used in this study were; Calendula officinalis L. (Pot marigold) and Antirrhinum majus (Snapdragon). The importance of these plants is due to their use as an economic crops. They grow as a flowering bedding plants, a cut flowers or pot plants. In addition, they are used in human medicine, veterinary medicine. They contain chemical substances such as chlorophylls, carotinoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds. They have the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties.
The experiment was applied as the following steps:
1. Seeds of the two plants were submitted to gamma rays from the Cobalt-60 source in the Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt. Seeds of Calendula were exposed to 0, 25, 50 and 70 Gy, and of Antirrhinum to 40, 60, 80 Gy gamma rays.
2. Three concentrations of colchicine or EMS with 1000, 3000, 10000 ppm were used with the seeds of the two plants.
3. Some yield-related traits were measured at flowering time. All measurements were taken on untreated and treated plants.
4. Therapeutic properties of Calendula and Antirrhinum are exceptional which determined by the complex of biologically active substances in leaves and petals: as chlorophylls, carotenoids, flavonoid, anthocyanin and phenolic compound.
Calendula measurements
The yield-related traits were evaluated as follows:
1. The highest plant (52.60), was obtained with 70 Gy, while the short plant height was at low concentration of 25 Gy gamma rays. Treatment with colchicine or EMS increased plant height at 1000 ppm.
2. The 50 Gy dose of radiation showed the high number of leaves 83.30, while colchicine or EMS at 10000 ppm raise the number of leaves.
3. The radiation or colchicine treatments didn’t affect on the number of flowers, while 10000 ppm EMS increased this trait.
4. Using gamma rays with low doses 25 Gy decreased the flower diameter 3.5 cm, colchicine and EMS didn’t show any effect on flower diameter.
5. The flowers showed asymmetry shape by using 3000 ppm colchicine and 3000 and 10000 ppm EMS.
Phytochemical components showed the following results:
1. The two types of chlorophyll a and b increased with 50 Gy γ-rays. Using colchicine 1000 ppm and EMS at 1000, 3000 enhanced chlorophyll a and b.
2. The treatments with 25 and 50 Gy of gamma rays and 1000 ppm of colchicine showed increase in carotenes content.
3. Increasing of flavonoides content was observed with 25 Gy gamma rays and 1000 ppm of colchicine.
4. The application of gamma irradiation at the three doses and 10000 ppm of colchicine decreased the phenolic compounds.
Antirrhinum measurements
The yield-related traits were evaluated as follows:
1. The highest plant height was induced with 60 Gy gamma rays, while the short plant height was with 40 Gy.
2. The number of leaves per plant increased with high concentration of 80 Gy gamma rays.
3. The number of florets per spike and the spike length was not affected with gamma rays treatments.
Phytochemical components showed the following results:
1. The three treatments 40, 60 and 80 Gy of gamma rays showed low content of Chl-a and Chl-b.
2. There was an increase in the anthocyanin content with increased doses of radiation from the 40 to 80 Gy.
3. Gamma irradiation imposed a low concentration of flavonoids with radiation doses increase.
4. A slight increase in phenolic content was observed at 40 Gy, where application of gamma irradiation at a dose of 60 and 80 Gy decreased the phenolic content compared to the control ones.
The SDS-PAGE
1. The SDS-protein-profile analysis of Calendula showed eight bands ranged from 110 to 10 KDa with fluctuation in the gene expression. The highest performance appeared with 70 Gy of gamma treatment or 1000 and 3000 ppm of colchicine, while the same result was obtained by EMS at 3000 ppm.
2. In Antirrhinum, the protein electrophoresis gave six bands with molecular weights from 52 to 10 KDa. Three bands were commen in all treatments and othrer three were varied with treatment. The 80 Gy of gamma rays showed the lowest SDS- protein intensitry (expression).
DNA molecular study
Asteraceae species are characterized by having a capitulum (compressed inflorescence), consisting of two types of flowers; ray and disc. In this study the effect of CYC gene between the control and mutant plants was compared.
Leaves of control and treated plants (a selected plant as single sample and bulk of seven plants as bulk sample) from each concentration of gamma irradiation in Calendula and Antirrhinum and colchicine and EMS chemical mutagens in Calendula and γ-irradiation in Antirrhinum were used for the DNA analysis.
The results showed specific band with MS ~270 bp appeared in Calendula in four samples of treated plants with 50 Gy of gamma rays, 1000 and 10000 ppm cochicine and 3000 ppm EMS. These plants have morphological change. In Antirrhinum, the same band appeared in both samples of treated and untreated plants (control).
It was clear from this part that the use of gamma rays had a clear effect on the size of the plant, as the dose of 70 Gy led to an increase in the height of the plant, and the dose 25 Gy led to the small size of the plant from a short length and reducing the diameter of the flowers with increase in the carotenoids and flavonoid in a manner suitable for use as pot plants.The treatment with chemical mutagens was unique by changing the shape of flowers, so that the concentration of 3000 ppm of colchicine and 1000 and 3000 ppm of EMS led to the existence of mutations in the form of flowers, which will be used to modify and renew the form of flowers used as cut flowers.These changes were stable and present in both M1 and M2.