الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Despite significant albuminuria is the hallmark indicator of diabetic nephropathy, many diabetic patients reduced eGFR without significant albuminuria. The pathophysiology of DN includes oxidative stress, the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE), cellular signaling and renewal processes, fibrosis and epigenetic regulatory processes, so they are potential targets for future drug therapy, as there is no specific treatment for DN (194).
One of these therapies is stem cells, which are characterized by self-renewal, clonogenicity and have the potential to differentiate into different specialized cell types. Bone marrow was the first adult tissue used as a potential source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These stem cells act through several mechanisms, as anti-inflammatory, antioxidative stress and immunomodulatory effect in the treatment of DN (101).
The present study aims to compare the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells on diabetic nephropathy rat models. This study was done on four experimental groups, each group is ten animals. The groups include control group, diabetic kidney disease group (DKD), diabetic kidney disease treated with mesenchymal stem cells group (DKD+MSCs), and diabetic kidney disease treated with hematopoietic stem cell group (DKD+HSCs). In these experimental groups serum creatinine, blood urea, blood urea nitrogen, serum CD44, serum rat nuclear factor κβ (Rat NF-κβ), serum rat interleukin 6 (Rat IL-6), serum rat interleukin18 (Rat IL-18), serum rat neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), serum rat intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), serum rat malondialdehyde (MDA), serum rat total antioxidant capacity (TAC), renal artery blood flow velocity, and rat resistance parameter (Rat RP) were assessed.
The main findings can be summarized as follow:
Regarding serum rat creatinine, blood urea, and blood urea nitrogen there was a significant difference between DKD and both treated groups, while no significant difference between control and both treated groups. For serum rat CD44 there was a significant difference between both treated groups, also there is a significant difference between DKD and both treated groups and between control and DKD group, while no significant difference between control and DKD+HSCs group. Regarding serum rat IL6 AND IL18 there was a significant difference between DKD and both treated groups, also between control and DKD group, while no significant difference between control and both treated groups.
Serum rat MDA showed a significant difference between the control and DKD group, also between DKD and both treated groups, but no significant difference between control and both treated groups. For serum rat MDA there was a significant difference between DKD and both treated groups, also between control and DKD group and between control and DKD+MSCs, while no significant difference between either both treated groups or between control and DKD+HSCs. As regarding renal artery blood flow velocity and rat resistance parameter, there was a significant difference between control and DKD, also between DKD and both treated groups, while no significant difference between control and both treated groups. For serum rat NGAL there was a significant difference between control and DKD group, also between control and both treated groups, similarly between DKD
and both treated groups, while no significant difference between DKD+MSCs and DKD+HSCs.
For serum rat NF-κβ (RQ) and serum rat ICAM-1 (RQ) there was a significant difference between control vs DKD groups and between DKD vs both treated groups, also between DKD+MSCs vs DKD+HSCs, but no significant difference between control vs DKD+HSCs.