الفهرس 
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Abstract
Hatchery hygiene is an important factor in success of poultry production. Improper hygiene leads to introducing of microorganisms, penetration of eggshells, early embryonic death, low quality chicks, economic loss and public health impacts, so this study includes two experiment, the first experiment was carried out to evaluate the level of hygiene in poultry hatcheries and the second experiment to evaluate the efficiency of some disinfectants against Salmonella Typhimurium and Enteropathogenic E. coli.5.1. Experiment (1):A total number of 732 samples and swabs were collected from two poultry hatcheries located at Kalyobia Governorate which were collected from environmental swabs, eggs shell swabs and slaughtered newly hatched chicks samples.5.1.1. Aerobic plate counts (APC) of collected samples:Statistical analysis of data showed that the survival rates of APC in collected samples from hatchery (A) were significantly increased than hatchery (B) Egg samples collected from two hatcheries were eggs from incubators, infertile eggs, dead embryos-in-shell eggs, egg swabs before and after sanitation. The results of hatchery (A) and (B) showed that dead embryos -in-shell eggs were the highest APC followed by infertile eggs, then egg swabs before sanitation and then eggs from incubators. Finally, egg swabs after sanitation. APC of eggs of hatchery (A) were (log 4.66), (log 4.42), (log 3.08), (log 2.64) and (log 2) respectively, while APC of eggs of hatchery (B) were (log 3.34), (log 3.32), (log 2.85), (log 2.51) and (log 2.28) respectively.There was a significant difference in APC of water samples collected from main source, humidifier of incubators and hatchers which collected from hatcheries (A) and (B). The results of hatchery (A) and (B) showed that water collected from humidifier of hatchers was the highest APC followed by water from main source, finally water from incubators. APC of water of hatchery (A) were (log 2.39), (log 2.32) and (log 2.11) respectively, while APC of water of hatchery (B) were (log 2.34), (log 1.95) and (log 1.90) respectively.
Survival rates of APC in floors and walls swabs that collected from hatchery (A) was significantly increased than hatchery (B). The results obtained from hatchery (A) and (B) showed that floor of hatchers were the highest APC followed by chick holding room and then incubators, finally egg receiving room. APC of floor swabs of hatchery (A) were (log 4.65), (log 4.46), (log 3.63) and (log 3.39) respectively, while APC of floor swabs of hatchery (B) were (log 3.42), (log 2.82), (log 2.71) and (log 2.70) respectively.
The results obtained from hatchery (A) and (B) showed that walls of hatcher are the highest APC followed by chick holding room and then incubator, finally egg receiving rooms. APC of wall swabs of hatchery (A) were (log 4.39), (log 4.38), (log 3.22) and (log 2.96) respectively, while APC of walls swabs of hatchery (B) were (log 3.13), (log 3.01), (log 2.7) and (log 2.61) respectively also, there was significant difference between chick boxes and trolleys in hatcheries (A) and (B). APC of trolleys and chick boxes of hatchery (A) were (log 3.38) and (log 5.66) respectively, while APC of trolleys and chick boxes of hatchery (B) were (log 3.08) and (log 3.29) respectively.
5.1.2. The percentage of E coli and Salmonella recovered from environmental samples from two hatcheries:
from a total of 558 all environmental samples collected from two hatcheries, (34.1%) and (10.1%) yielded E.coli and Salmonella isolates respectively. Percentage of E coli recovered from air samples, water samples from (main source- humidifier of incubator- humidifier of hatcher), wall swabs from (egg receiving room- incubator- hatcher- chick holding room), floor swabs from (egg receiving room- incubator- hatcher- chick holding room), chick boxes, trolleys, hand workers and boot swabs were (25%, 33.3%, 22.2%, 44.4%, 15.2%, 27.8%, 40.3%, 37.5%, 33.3%, 44.4%, 77.8%, 61.1%, 50%, 33.3% , 27.8 % and 44.4%) respectively, while percentage of Salmonella recovered from the same samples were (zero%, zero%, zero%, 27.8%, zero%, zero%, 19.4%, 18.1%, zero%, zero%, 66.6%, 44.4%, 22.2%, zero%, zero% and zero%) respectively.
5.1.3. The percentage of E coli and Salmonella recovered from eggs and newly hatched chick samples from two hatcheries:
from a total of 174 samples include eggs, fluff, cloacal swabs and internal organs of newly hatched chicks collected from two poultry hatcheries, (50.6%) and (13.8%) yielded E.coli and Salmonella isolates respectively. Percentage of E coli and Salmonella recovered from eggs from incubators, infertile eggs, dead embryos -in-shell eggs were (44.4%, zero%), (66.6%, 11.1%), (77.8%, 11.1%) from egg shells respectively, while (22.2%, zero%), (38.8%, 27.8%), (55.5%, 50%) from egg contents respectively. In addition to, percentage of E coli and Salmonella recovered from eggs swabs before and after disinfection, fluff of newly hatched chicks, liver chick, yolk sac, gall bladder and cloacal swabs of newly hatched chicks were (72.2%, 16.6%), (44.4%, zero%), (50%, zero%), (66.6%, 16.6%), (16.6%, zero%), (33.3%, 66.6%), (33.3%, 66.6%) respectively.
5.1.4. The percentage of different serotypes of E coli and Salmonella recovered from all samples of two poultry hatcheries.
E. coli O78 was the most serotype (19.8%) among the other isolates , followed by O128: H2 (19%), O146: H21 (15.5%), O119: H6 (10.4%), O26 : H11 (8.9%), O91: H21 (7.6%), O1: H7 (7.2%), O2: H6 (3.6%), O103: H4 (3.2%), O153: H2 (2.5%) and O159 (2.2%), while Salmonella Kentucky serotype was the most serotype (33.8%) among the other serotypes, followed by Salmonella Typhimurium (32.5%), Salmonella Enteritidis (26.3%), Salmonella Inganda (5%) and Salmonella Wingrove (2.5%).
5.1.5. Multiplex PCR of identified serotypes of E. coli and Salmonella organisms.
This result indicate that E. coli strain O26: H11(8.9%) was more virulent than O159, while Salmonella Kentucky, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium were more virulent than Salmonella Inganda and Salmonella Wingrove.
5.2. Experiment (II):
This experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of four disinfectants Aquavinol®5%, Presept®2.5%, Poviment® and MM8® against Salmonella Typhimurium and Enteropathogenic E. coli .
Aquavinol® 5% succeeded in completely reducing the number of tested E.coli when used at (1%, 1.5% and 2%) concentrations by 100% at all concentrations within 120 minutes, while succeeded in completely reducing the number of tested Salmonella by (99.9%, 100% and 100%) respectively within 120 minutes but Presept® 2.5% reduced the bacterial count of tested E.coli when used at (1%, 1.5% and 2%) concentrations by (99.9%, 100% and 100%) respectively within 120 minutes, while reduced the bacterial count of tested Salmonella by (96.8%, 98.5% and 100%) respectively within 120 minutes.
Poviment® reduced the number of tested E.coli when used at (1%, 1.5% and 2%) concentrations by (97.2%, 99.4% and 100%) respectively within 120 minutes, while reduced the number of tested Salmonella by (82%, 96.7% and 99.7%) respectively within 120 minutes but MM8® reduced the bacterial count of tested E.coli at (1%, 1.5% and 2%) concentrations by (90.3%, 98% and 99.7%) respectively within 120 minutes, while reduced the number of tested Salmonella by (71%, 82.3% and 98.9%) respectively within 120 minutes.
Aquavinol® 5% was the highest powerful disinfectant against these pathogens followed by Presept® 2.5% and then Poviment®, while MM8® was the weakest disinfectant against the same microorganisms at the same conditions.