الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The four experiments were carried out during the period from 2017 till 2019 in the ornamental farm, department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University located at Shoubra El- kheima, kaliobia Governorate, Egypt. The first experiment was performed for seed germination of Doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica) plants for two seasons, the second was for cutting rooting of the (Salvadora persica L). plants for two seasons, the third was conducted to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer sources, known as Toothbrush shrub or Araak, Siwak, Miswak on the (Salvadora persica L). plants, the fourth was carried out to study the effect of N:P:K combined fertilizer with a different levels of nitrogen fertilizer
First Experiment:
Seeds of Doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica) plants were collected from El Obour Market as a source of plant material during two seasons. using 1:1 sand: peat moss (v/v). Seeds of Doum palm were treated with different presoaking treatments as follows: control treatment without soaking (direct plantation); soaking in tap water for 48 hours; soaking gibberellic acid solution (GA3) at 200 ppm for 48 hours; Soaking potassium nitrate solution (KNO3) 3% for 48 hours; soaking sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 28-31% for 15 minutes; soaking in hot water (60°C ± 5) for 3 hours then left till gradually cooling and freezing storage in Deep freezer at -18°C for 12 hours then soaked in hot water at 60°C for 1 hour. Germination percentage, length of roots in cm (LR), diameter of roots in cm (RD), fresh weight of roots in cm (FWR), dry weight of roots in grams (RDW), plant height seedling L in cm (SL), wide of leaf in cm (LW), fresh weight of above ground parts in gram (AFW), dry weight of above ground part in grams (ADW) and leaf area in cm2 (LA) were determined of both seasons. The results showed that seed the highest germination percentage was obtained from seeds treated with Freezing treatment (86.66 and 90%). The obtained results of root length showed that H2SO4, gibberellic acid and tap water treatments gave significant increase in root length in both seasons compared to other treatments. In the 1st season, H2SO4, gibberellic acid and tap water gave the highest root length (83.17, 79.67 and 79.00 cm) and in the 2nd season (89.00, 74.80 and 74.47 cm) in respect order. Root diameter showed that the tap water treatment gave significant increase in both seasons compared to other treatments. The results of root fresh weight revealed that tap water treatment gave significant increase in root fresh weight in both seasons compared to other treatments. For both seasons, the tap water increased root fresh weight which was22.32 and 23.02 g/plant in respect order. Root dry weight pointed out that the tap water treatment gave the highest value of root dry weight (7.51 and 7.92 g/plant) for both seasons. Plant height data showed that freezing and tap water treatment significantly increased the plant height for both seasons compared to other treatments. For the 1st season, the freezing and tap water treatments significantly increased the plant height (45.33 and 39.97 cm) compared to the 2nd season which was (44.6 and 26.17 cm) there were significant differences between freezing and tap water treatment. Leaf wide data showed that Tap water, control and H2SO4 treatment gave significant increase in leaf wide in both seasons compared to other treatments. In the 1st season Tap water and control gave larger width of leaves (2.64 and 2.27 cm) while in the 2nd season Tap water and hot water gave larger width of leaves (2.55 and 2.50 cm). Respecting the length of leaves above ground part data, the freezing treatments increased significantly for length of above ground part of the leaves for both seasons compared to other treatments. For 1st season, freezing gave the highest length of above ground part (28.03 cm). While in 2nd season, freezing gave 30.00 cm. With regards the fresh weight of above ground part data showed that the freezing treatment increased significantly for fresh weight of above ground part for both seasons which were 14.26 and 13.09 g/plant, respectively compared to other treatments.
Second Experiment:
Effect of IBA concentration on rooting of the (Salvadora persica L.) cutting. The semi-hard wood cuttings 15-25 cm length with five buds, were used as a source of plant material stem cuttings were collected from mature trees for Ismailia governorate. The medium was used 1:1 sand: peat moss (v/v). Cuttings were dipping in IBA at 0.0; 2000; 4000 and 6000 ppm for 30 sec. The data recorded Leaf number per cutting , Number of roots per cutting , Length of root per cutting , Fresh weight of roots per cutting, Dry weight of roots per cutting, Number of shoots per cutting , shoot length per cutting number of leaves per cutting , Leaf fresh weight per cutting and Leaf dry weight per cutting . The following chemical analysis was recorded: Nitrogen percentage. Total Phenols and crude protein percentage, Results were showed that 6000 ppm IBA treatment gave significant increase in number of roots for both seasons compared to other treatments. At 1st and 2nd seasons, 6000 ppm IBA gave 5.37 and 5.73, respectively. For root length per cuttings, IBA application at 4000 and 6000 ppm gave significant increase in root length for both seasons compared to other treatment. For 1st and 2nd seasons , 4000 and 6000 ppm gave the longest root (9.63 and 7.25 cm at 4000 ppm) and (6.25 and 6.93 at 6000 ppm).For root fresh weight per cutting, IBA application at 4000 and 6000 ppm treatment gave significant increase in root fresh weight for both seasons compared to other treatment. For 1st and 2nd seasons, IBA at 4000 and 6000 ppm, gave similar root fresh weight for 4000 ppm (0.79 and 0.76 g) and for 6000 ppm (0.75 and 0.67 g). For Root dry weight per cutting, IBA application at 4000 and 6000 ppm treatment gave significant increase in root dry weight for both seasons compared to other treatment. For 1st and 2nd seasons, IBA at 4000 and 6000 ppm gave similar root dry weight, for 4000 ppm (0.39 and 0.36) and 6000 ppm (0.35 and 0.29). For Number of shoots per cutting, for 4000 and 6000 ppm IBA treatment gave significant shoot number for both seasons compared to other treatments. 4000 and 6000 ppm IBA gave similar result for the 1st season (4.67 and 3.67), 6000 ppm IBA gave the higher number of shoots (2.50) compared to IBA at 4000 ppm (2.00). For shoot length per cutting 6000 ppm IBA treatment gave significant increase in shoot length for both seasons compared to other treatment. For 1st and 2nd seasons, IBA application at 6000 ppm gave the highest shoot length (11.70 and 11.33 cm). For Number of leaves per cutting, IBA at 6000 ppm gave significant increase in number of leaves for both seasons compared to other treatment. For 1st and 2nd seasons, IBA application at 6000 ppm gave the highest leaf number (16.67 and 16.66). For Leaf fresh weight per cutting, IBA treatment at 6000 ppm gave significant increase in leaf fresh weight for both seasons compared to other treatment. For 1st and 2nd seasons, IBA application at 6000 ppm gave the highest leaf fresh weight (1.83 and 1.10 g/plant). For Leaf dry weight per cutting, IBA at 6000 ppm gave significant increase in leaf dry weight for both seasons compared to other treatment. For the 1st and 2nd seasons, IBA at 6000 ppm gave the highest leaf dry weight (0.59 and 0.30 g/plant). Total phenols (mg/g fresh weigh), control treatment (0.90 and 0.89 mg/g) and IBA at 2000 ppm (0.91 and 0.75 mg/g) gave the highest accumulation of phenol contents. Nitrogen percentage and crude protein content, results significant increase in nitrogen percentage for cutting which were treated with IBA at 4000 ppm (0.397 and 0.393) compared to the treated with IBA at 6000 ppm (0.300 and 0.363). As for crude protein percentage showed the same trend of nitrogen percentage for both seasons.
Third Experiment:
Seeds of (Salvadora persicae L). plants were cultivated in the nursery in plastic trays. Resulted seedling were transferred afterwards for the seedlings 5 cm length with 7 leaves to start the experiment. The seedlings were cultivated latter on in plastic pegs (25 × 18 cm) filled with 1:1:1 peat: soil: sand by volume. In case of nitrogen fertilizers treatments were used for 12 weeks as follows: Control treatment (without fertilizers); 2 units of nitrogen from Urea per seedling used for 12 weeks ; 4 units of nitrogen from Urea per seedling used for 12 weeks ; 6 units of nitrogen from Urea per seedling used for 12 weeks ; 2 units of nitrogen from ammonium sulfate per seedling used for 12 weeks ; 4 units of nitrogen from ammonium sulfate per seedling used for 12 weeks and 6 units of nitrogen from ammonium sulfate per seedling used for 12 weeks. The data was recorded : Length of roots in cm (R L), Fresh weight of roots in grams (FW R), Dry weight of roots in grams (D W R), Shoot Length cm (Sh L), Number of shoots/plant(Sh N), Number of leaves/plant(NL), Fresh weight of above ground part in grams (FW green) and Dry weight of above ground part in grams (D W green).The third experiment was to study the effect of nitrogen source and dose on growth of (Salvadora persica) plants. Root length, root fresh and dry weight showed significantly affected by nitrogen application. Root length showed significant increase by the application of NH3SO4 at 4 units of nitrogen (31.50 and 29.00 cm) compared to other treatments at 1st and 2nd seasons. Both root fresh weight (2.30 and 2.23 g/plant) and dry weight (0.66 and 0.64 g/plant) demonstrated higher values from the application of urea at 6 units of nitrogen1st and 2nd seasons. Shoot length, number of shoot and number of leaves. Shoot length showed significant increase by the application of urea at 6 units of nitrogen (105.50 and 116.33 cm) compared to other treatments at1st and 2nd seasons. Shoot number showed significant increase by the application of urea at 6 units of nitrogen (4.67 and 5.33, compared to other treatments at 1st and 2nd seasons. Leaf number showed significant increase by the application of urea at 6 units of nitrogen (50.00 and 56.67) compared to other treatments at 1st and 2nd seasons, Data Fresh and dry weight of aboveground parts showed significant increase by the application of urea at 4 and 6 units of nitrogen. For the 1st season, application of urea at 4 units of nitrogen gave higher aboveground fresh and dry weight (10.50 and 4.06 g/plant, in respect order) with a similar 6 units of nitrogen (10.13 and 3.92 g/plant), in respect order) compared to other treatments. Following the same trend for the 2nd season, application of urea at 4 units of nitrogen gave higher aboveground fresh and dry weight (8.88 and 3.44 g/plant), in respect order with a similar 6 units of nitrogen (10.47 and 4.05 g/plant), in respect order) compared to other treatments .The use of ammonium sulfate at 4 units of nitrogen showed the highest accumulation of nitrogen percentage (4.95 and 3.94 %)For 1st and 2nd seasons.
Fourth experiment:
The seedlings were cultivated in plastic pots (30 cm) filled with using 1:1:1 peat moss: soil: sand by volume. In case of N:P:K (2:1:1) experiment the treatments were as follows: Control (without fertilization); 2 units of N: P: K 2:1:1(0.49 g/L ) plus ammonium sulfate at 0.4 g/L water for each seedling ; 4 units of N: P: K 4:2:2 (0.89 g/L ) plus ammonium sulfate at 0.8 g/L water for each seedling and 6 units of N: P: K 6:3:3(1.29 g/L ) plus ammonium sulfate at 1.2 g/L water for each seedling. The data was recorded: Length of roots in cm (Root length), Diameter of roots in cm (Root diameter) , Fresh weight of roots in grams (FW R), Dry weight of roots in grams (D W), shoot Length cm (Sh L), Number Shoots(Sh N) ,Number of leaves(NL), Stem diameter green in cm(S diameter), Fresh weight of above ground part in grams (FW green) and Dry weight of above ground part in grams (DW green).Chemical analysis: Total nitrogen:, Total Phosphorus:, Total Potassium: and Total Chlorophyll (SPAD):. Root length and root diameter were not significantly affected by NPK fertilizers dose except root diameter in the first season at control treatment. For both seasons root length did not demonstrate significant response due to different doses of NPK. Whereas, for the 1st season root diameter showed significant increase due to application of NPK doses at 2:1:1, 4:2:2 and 6:3:3 respectively). Root fresh and dry weight significantly responded to the application NPK fertilizers. Application of NPK at 2:1:1, 4:2:2 and 6:3:3 gave better root fresh and dry weight compared to control (without addition). For the 1st season, the highest fresh and dry weight was obtained from NPK at 6:3:3 (3.42 and 2.14 g/plant) followed by NPK doses at 4:2:2 and 2:1:1. For the 2st season, the highest fresh and dry weight was obtained from NPK at 6:3:3 (5.41 and 3.13 g/plant) followed by NPK doses at 4:2:2 and 2:1:1. Number of shoots, shoot length and number of leaves significantly affected by NPK doses. All NPK doses showed better shoot number, length and leave number compared to non-treated (control). Application of 6:3:3 NPK dose gave the highest number of shoots (4.00) and leaves (48.00) for the 1st season. Whereas, the use of 4:2:2 dose gave the highest number of shoots (3.83) and leaves (53.66) for n the 2nd season. Regarding the shoot length, the use of 2:1:1 dose gave the tallest shoot length for the 1st season (42.58 cm) compared to other treatments. Stem diameter and aboveground fresh and dry weight affected significantly by the use of NPK doses. The highest stem diameter values were attributed with the use of NPK at 2:1:1 (0.37 and 0.40 cm) and 4:2:2 (0.40 and 0.42 cm) doses. Aboveground fresh and dry weight showed similar trend with significant increase compared to non-treated control for both seasons. for the 1st season, NPK doses gave higher aboveground fresh (7.49, 7.91 and 7.68) and dry weigh (2.67, 3.42 and 3.11 g), in respect order of 2:1:1, 4:2:2 and 6:3:3 doses. for the 2nd season, NPK doses gave higher aboveground fresh (6.89, 8.96 and 9.78) and dry weigh (2.36, 3.78 and 3.80 g), in respect order of 2:1:1, 4:2:2 and 6:3:3 doses. For Total Chlorophyll (SPAD). Total Chlorophyll significantly affected by the dose of NPK. The highest greenness values were obtained from NPK doses at 4:2:2 and 6:3:3 for the 1st season (47.3 and 45.0) and for the 2nd season (48.0 and 45.9), respectively. For Nitrogen content percentage, the Nitrogen percentage affected in different ways for both season by the NPK doses. for the 1st season, NPK at 2:1:1 and 4:2:2 doses (2.33 and 2.07%) gave higher N% compared to 6:3:3 and non-treated control (1.76 and 1.62%), respectively. for the 2nd season, non-treated control gave higher N% (2.83%) compared to other NPK doses at 2:1:1, 4:2:2 and 6:3:3 (2.11, 1.81 and 1.77%), respectively. For Phosphorus content percentage, there was no significant difference in Phosphorus percentage among treatments. Potassium content percentage, For Potassium percentage affected with NPK doses. For the 1st season, NPK at 2:1:1 and 4:2:2 doses (2.5 and 2.1%) gave higher Potassium percentage compared to 6:3:3 and non-treated control (1.8 and 1. 2%), respectively. for the 2nd season, NPK at 4:2:2 dose gave higher K% (2.5%) compared to other NPK doses with control, 2:1:1 and 6:3:3 (2.2, 2.2 and 2.1%), respectively.
Conclusion:
First Experiment:
In the experiment of germination of the seeds of doum ,the highest percentage of germination was obtained with storage in deep freezer at -18°C for 12 hours then soaked in hot water at 60°C for 1 hour (86.66 and 90%), followed by treatment with potassium nitrate solution KNO3 3%for 48 hours (80 and 76%) and was the lowest treatment Comparison(control) and tap water treatment(45-65%). soaked seeds in in respect order by season.
Second Experiment:
Dipping less in IBA of indole butyric acid (IBA) concentrated at a concentration of 6000 followed by treatment with 4000 ppm for 30 sec .
Third experiment:
The nitrogen fertilizers experiment was the higher values from the application of urea at 6 units urea per of nitrogen. Following 4 units of nitrogen from ammonium sulfate per seedling used for 12 weeks.
Fourth experiment:
The superior treatment was the higher values from the application the highest was obtained from NPK at 6:3:3(1.29 g/L ) Following 4:2:2 (0.89 g/L ) plus ammonium sulfate.
Recommendation:
The plants under study follow the Egyptian flora and because plants will have extinction so we focus in our study on producing strong seedlings that bear local conditions and increasing these plants through the methods of sexual and vegetative propagation and is the subject of study and we try in the future to preserve the plants by different vegetative means.