الفهرس 
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Abstract
Heavy fuel oil is one of the liquid fuels used in the combustion process and consists of some organic compounds and elements and some impurities such as sodium, vanadium and sulfur that cause environmental pollution and corrosion, in this work magnesium salts extracted from wastewater produced from the cation resin in the demineralization unit used for water treatment unit, were used to reduce the negative effects of the combustion of heavy fuel oil to protect the boiler and the environment from pollutants, A comparison between treated and untreated fuel was made in a field study, as the gas emissions resulting from the units in Shubra el-Kheima were monitored also. Laboratory study was conducted by using the extracted magnesium oxide in fuel treatment and a comparison was made between treated and untreated fuels through the chemical and physical characteristics of the fuel.
Aim of work
- Reducing pollution produced from burning of heavy fuel oil.
- Enhancement of combustion process of heavy fuel oil and reduce the bad effects produced from its combustion such as corrosion and emission.
The Thesis consists of four chapters arranged as follow:
Chapter 1, introduction including
- Fuel and fuel types.
- Combustion.
- Fossil fuel power plants.
Chapter 2, literature review including
- Emission produced from fossil fuel power plants.
- Control of emission produced from fossil fuel power plants.
- Fuel additives and its effect on reduction of emission produced from burning heavy fuel oil.
- Demineralization unit.
- Regeneration of demineralized units.
- Extraction of magnesium oxide from waste water produced from regeneration of demineralized unit.
Chapter 3, Materials and method including
1- Determination of total hardness in cationic resin regeneration wastewater.
2- Precipitation of magnesium salts from wastewater of demineralization plant.
Ammonium & sodium hydroxide which have the higher ph value have been used for precipitation of calcium and magnesium salts. The calcium salts was firstly precipitated at ph of 10.5 by the addition of ammonium hydroxide. The increasing of (ph) by further addition leads to increase the precipitation level of magnesium salts. The magnesium salts were fully precipitated at pH of 11.5 and more, then a Solution of 10 % gelatin in demineralized water was prepared. 2,4,6,8 and 10gm of extracted salts were added to 100 ml of the aforementioned solution to prepare 2,4,6,8 and 10 % suspended solutions of magnesium oxide.
3- Treatment of heavy fuel oil with prepared magnesium oxide suspension solution:
Different concentrations of MgO (0, 0.03, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08mg) were added to one liter of heavy fuel oil. These mixtures were stirred very well at 80 oC for 1/2 h. The mixtures were prepared to determine acidity as H2SO4, pH of combustion products, S, V, Na and other physical properties.
4- Determination of ph of combustion products produced from burning treated heavy fuel oil:
The heavy fuel oils with MgO were burned. The remaining ash was collected as combustion product. One gram of these products for each concentration of MgO was dissolved in 100 ml deionized water then the pH of this solution was determined.
5. Determination of free sulfuric acid in combustion products produced from burning treated heavy fuel oil:
The heavy fuel oils with MgO were burned. The remaining ash was collected as combustion product. One gram of these products for each concentration of MgO was dissolved in 100 ml deionized water then filtrated and titrated with KOH.
Chapter 4, Results and discussion including
1- Field study was conducted by observation of the emission produced from burning untreated and treated heavy fuel oil produced from 4 units in Shoubra Elkheima power plant at similar condition to estimate the reduction of emission when using fuel additives, the observation of emission values for fuel additives showed reduction in the harmful emission of SOx, NOx and CO.
2- Laboratory study was conducted by using the extracted magnesium oxide in fuel treatment and a comparison was made between treated and untreated fuels through the chemical and physical characteristics of the fuel. By this treatment, the values of sulfur, sodium and vanadium in the fuel were reduced, while physical properties of fuel was approximately stable sulfur in heavy fuel oil was reduced from1.6 to1.2 ppm with a percent reduction of 25%. The vanadium was reduced from 48 to37 ppm with percentage reduction of 9.1% and sodium was reduced from 84 to 74 ppm with a percentage reduction of 11.9%, also the value of free sulfuric acid is reduced from 70 to 50 ppm with percentage reduction of 28% and this is an indication for the reduction of SOX emission.