الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Egypt is one of the big important countries producing and exporting Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) products for several years. However, the Egyptian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants sector suffers from poor conditions of the merchandise in terms of quality and safety standards, lack of professional advisory services, additionally to a highly underdeveloped value chain. All of these factors affect negatively on the Egyptian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants position products in export markets and consequently the bargaining power of Egyptian exporters. The study aims at raising the position and competitiveness of Egyptian MAP products in export markets and developing its internal supply chain. Thus, it’ll be supported an integrated development approach. The aims of this study are to Firstly reducing the time period for drying some types of medicinal and aromatic plants. Secondly maintain product quality and integrity during drying as well as the color of the final product. Fourthly to study the effect of drying method on microbial load. 4. A study of the extent to which the essential oil percentage of dried plants was affected by the new model and compared with the traditional drying method. Fifthly the chemical evaluation of the essential oil extracted from dried plants and its comparison with the oil extracted from the traditional dried method. Sixthly study the effect of the essential oil extracted from dried plants as anti-bacterial and viral, and compare it with oil from the local market. The data of this study obtained and recommended results can be summarized as follows:
5.1. Stack dryers for small-scale map growers in Egypt
5.1.1. Basic design
The basic design was not adjustable enough drying for the reason that plants still green in the bottom and the middle of the boxes, there was black spots regards to enzymatic and microorganism activity, the first level on the top was dry, conversely, the plants burned because of the direct exposure to the sun. The result was not accepted in drying medicinal and aromatic plants, which selected in our trial.
5.1.2. 1/9/2 Solar-assisted design
The air properties measurements of 1/9/2 design of a solar-assisted stack dryer. The airflow (V) average in chamomile was 1 m/s, mint 1.13 m/s, and moringa 1.18 m/s. The air velocity (Q) average in chamomile was 1.13 m³/s, mint 0.96 m³/s, and moringa 0.99 m³/s. The pressure (P) average in chamomile was 23.28 pa, mint 25.5 pa, moringa 24.62 pa. The average temperature (T) in chamomile was 25.92°C, mint 33.85°C, and moringa 34.16°C. The average of relative humidity (RH) in chamomile was 42.91 %, mint 44.5%, and moringa 44.24%. The obtained results of 1/9/2 design solar-assisted stack dryer was succeeded in chamomile, mint, and moringa, which we were selected in our experiments.
5.1.3. 5/5/2 solar-assisted design
The air properties measurements of 5/5/2 design solar-assisted stack dryer were the pressure (P) average in chamomile were 6.73 pa, mint 6.75 pa, and moringa 6.76 pa, the average temperature (T) in chamomile were 26.02°C, mint 35.5°C, and moringa 34.92°C, the airflow (v) average in chamomile were 1.06 m/s, mint 1.07 m/s and moringa 1.06 m/s, the average of relative humidity (RH) in chamomile were 45.75 %, mint 38.2%, and moringa 38.65 %,and the air velocity (Q) average in chamomile was 0.78 m³/s, mint 0.73 m³/s, and moringa 0.76 m³/s.
5.1.4. 8/9/2 (A&B) solar-assisted design
The air properties measurements of 8/9/2 (A&B) design of solar-assisted stack dryer. The average of relative humidity (RH) in chamomile was 46.63 %, in mint was 32.4 %, and in moringa was 35.36 %, the air velocity (Q) average in chamomile were 0.59 m³/s, mint 0.58 m³/s, and moringa 0.59 m³/s, the average temperature (T) in chamomile was 25.97°C, in mint was 39.54°C, and in moringa was 39.35°C,the airflow (V) average in chamomile were 0.79 m/s, mint 0.79 m/s and moringa 0.79 m/s, and the pressure (P) average in chamomile were 5.91 pa, mint 5.95 pa, and moringa 5.98 pa.
5.2. Air properties measurements for designs of solar-assisted stack dryer
5.2.1. Chamomile
The chamomile physical properties measurements in designs of solar-assisted stack dryers. The highest stack in of airflow (v) was 1.22 m/s in 1/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack out of airflow (v) was 1.21 m/s in 5/5/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack in of air velocity (Q) was 1.04 m³/s in 1/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack out of Air velocity (Q) was 0.96 m³/s in 1/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, The highest stack in of pressure (P) was 15.44 pa in 1/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack out of Pressure (P) was 31.21 pa in 1/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, The highest stack in of temperature (T) was 26.72°C in 1/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack out of temperature (T) was 25.83°C in 8/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, The highest stack in of relative humidity (RH) was 38.11 % in 8/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer and the highest stack out of relative humidity (RH) was 55.16% in 8/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer.
5.2.2. Mint
The physical properties measurements of mint in designs of solar-assisted stack dryers. The highest stack in of airflow (v) was 1.20 m/s in 1/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack out of airflow (v) was1.24 m/s in 5/5/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack in of air velocity (Q) was 1.02 m³/s in 1/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack out of air velocity (Q) was 0.90 m³/s in 1/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack in of pressure (P) was 17pa in 1/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack out of pressure (P) was 34 pa in 1/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack in of temperature (T) was 39.88°C in 8/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack out of temperature (T) was 39.20°C in 8/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack in of relative humidity (RH) was 33.7 % in 1/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer and the highest stack out of relative humidity (RH) was 55.31 %in 1/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer
5.2.3. Moringa
The physical properties measurements of moringa in designs of solar-assisted stack dryers. The highest stack in of airflow (V) was 1.28 m/s in 1/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack out of airflow (V) was 1.23 m/s in 5/5/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack in of air velocity (Q) was 1 m³/s in 1/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack out of air velocity (Q) was 0.98 m³/s in 1/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack in of pressure (P) was 16.12 pa in 1/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack out of pressure (P) was 33.13 pa in 1/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack in of temperature (T) was 39.8°C in 8/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack out of temperature (T) was 38.9 °C in 8/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, the highest stack in of relative humidity (RH) was 34.1 % in 5/5/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer and the highest stack out of relative humidity (RH) was 55.56 % in 1/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer.
5.3. Chemical analysis
5.3.1. Moisture content
5.3.1.1. Moisture content of chamomile
The results showed that the moisture content (%) of the fresh samples was 81.4 %, the lowest average of moisture content (%) of chamomile tested samples from fresh, control, and dried plants were 9.6 % in 8/9/2 (B) design. So, there was a significant decrease in moisture contents (P≤0.05) of chamomile tested samples in 8/9/2 (B) design followed by 10.29 % in 1/9/2 design, 13.3% in control, 18.18 in 5/5/2 design, 18.61 in 8/9/2 (A) design, and 25.48 % in basic design. It was clear that the lowest moisture content was 9.6 % in 8/9/2 (B) design was obtained at the air flow, which the average was 0.79 m/s in 8/9/2 (B) design of solar-assisted stack dryer as compared with the corresponding values, which obtained at the higher air flow rate at all plants thicknesses.
5.3.1.2. Moisture content of mint
The results showed that the minimum average of moisture content (%) of mint tested samples from fresh, control, and dried plants were 9.13 % in 8/9/2 (B) design, the moisture content (%) of the fresh samples were 87.4 %, accordingly, there were a significant decreased in moisture contents (P≤0.05) of mint tested samples in 8/9/2 (B) design followed by 11% in 1/9/2 design of solar-assisted stack dryer, 12.2 % in control, 15 % in 5/5/2 design, 15.73 in 8/9/2 (A) design, and 16.4 % in basic design. It is clear that the lowest moisture content was 9.13 % in 8/9/2 (B) design of solar-assisted stack dryer was obtained by the airflow average, which was 0.79 m/s in 8/9/2 (B) design of solar-assisted stack dryer as compared with the corresponding values, which obtained at the higher airflow rate at all plants thicknesses.
5.3.1.3. Moisture content of moringa
The results showed that the moisture content (%) of the fresh samples was 80.5 %, the lowest average of moisture content (%) of moringa tested samples from fresh, control, and dried plants were 9.1 % in 8/9/2 (B) design. Consequently, there were a significant decreased in moisture contents (P≤0.05) of moringa tested samples in 8/9/2 (B) design followed by 10.83 % in 1/9/2 design, 11.9 % in control, 14.86 % in 5/5/2 design, 15.5 in 8/9/2 (A) design, and 16.2 % in basic design. It is clear that the lowest moisture content was 9.1 % in 8/9/2 (B) design was obtained by the airflow average, which was 0.79 m/s in 8/9/2 (B) design as compared with the corresponding values, which obtained at the higher airflow rate at all plants thicknesses.
5.3.1.4. Moisture content statistical analysis
The results showed that the moisture interaction statistical analysis of the plants and designs. The lowest average of moisture interaction statistical analysis was 9.27 % founded in 8/9/2 (B) design for all selected plants chamomile, mint, and moringa. Results showed the significant ranges between designs and moisture content, the results confirmed that there was a significant between 8/9/2 (B) design and all designs, however, there were not a significant with 1/9/2 design, there were not a significant between 5/5/2 design and 8/9/2 design, and there were a significant between 5/5/2, 8/9/2 designs with control and basic design. The results showed the significant ranges between plants and moisture content, and the results confirmed that there was not a significant between mint and moringa, but there was a significant with chamomile.
5.3.1.5. Essential oils extraction of tested samples
The average yield of essential oil extraction of tested samples/100 gm dried chamomile (Matricaria Chamomilla), mint (Mentha), and moringa (Moringa oleifera) were determined. The control samples were 0.7 ± 0.01 ml in chamomile, 0.6 ± 0.01 ml in mint and zero in moringa. In case of designs, the samples were taken from 8/9/2 (B) design since it was achieved the lowest moisture content with the highest mass production of all designs meet farmer’s needs. The average of essential oil extracted from 8/9/2 (B) design of chamomile samples was 1 ± 0.01 ml, in mint was 0.9 ± 0.01 ml and nothing in moringa. This means that increasing yield of essential oil extraction by 30 % by using 8/9/2 (B) design compared with traditional drying methods (control). Otherwise, in the case of dried moringa leaves didn’t have any essential oils in all cases.
5.3.1.6. Chamomile essential oil chemical constituents
The results indicated the % of a total of 38 major components, representing 99.99 % hydro-distillation extraction of the total oil in both samples (control and 8/9/2 (B) design). Bisabolol oxide A (C15H26O2) was a major compounded with higher percentage 54.00% in chamomile extracted oil from 8/9/2 (B) design, accordingly there was a significant range compared with 38.36 % in control chamomile. α-Bisabolol oxide B was 8.98% in chamomile extracted oil from 8/9/2 (B) design, meanwhile there was a significant range compared with 8.12 % in control chamomile oil, however chamazulene was 3.36 % in the control compared with 0.99% in chamomile extracted oil from 8/9/2 (B) design of solar-assisted stack dryer. Bisabolone oxide was 7.41 % in chamomile oil extracted from control compared with 6.86% in chamomile extracted oil from 8/9/2 (B) design of solar-assisted stack dryer. In the control sample some compound were not determined like (Caryophyllene oxide, Santalol, cis,α-, N-(2-Pyridinyl)-2-methylaniline, limonen -6-ol, pivalate, 4-Methyl-2H-pyrano[6,5-h]-2H-chromen-2-one, isopropyl-1,4-diethyle-2-azulenol, Geranyl isovalerate, and Docosane), nonetheless, it was determined in 8/9/2 (B) design sample. Furthermore, in 8/9/2 (B) design there were some compound were not determined like (β-Ocimene, trans caryophyllene, trans-p-mentha-2,8-dienol, Ledene, ϒ Cdainene, β-Cdainene, ϒ -Cadinene (CAS), and Globulol).
5.3.1.7. Total chlorophyll in fresh and dried plants
The results in showed that the maximum one was fresh samples of plants, chamomile 100.21mg, mint 115.27 mg and moringa was 118.66 mg, whereas dried plants of 8/9/2 (B) were chamomile 84.5 mg, mint 93.70 mg and moringa 94.68 mg. Otherwise, there was a significant range compared with control results was 46.52 mg in chamomile, 49.85 mg in mint, and 50.75 mg in moringa.
5.4. Microbiological activity
5.4.1. Total plate count (TPC)
There were different ranges between the results of total bacterial count for plants, dried by 8/9/2 (B) design compared with the control method. In chamomile plant total bacterial count in 8/9/2 (B) design at 37°C was 1.5x10² cfu/gm, besides in control was 7.3x10³ cfu/gm. On the other side, the total bacterial count in 8/9/2 (B) design at 22°C was 1.1x10³ cfu/gm, moreover, in control was 3.5x104 cfu/gm. In mint plant total bacterial count in 8/9/2 (B) design at 37°C was 1.0x10² cfu/gm, however, in control was 1.0x10³ cfu/gm, further more total bacterial count in 8/9/2 (B) design at 22°C was 6.7x10³ cfu/gm, but in control was 1.1x104 cfu/gm. In moringa plant total bacterial count in 8/9/2 (B) design at 37°C was 1.9x10² cfu/gm, rather in control was 8.6x10³ cfu/gm, also to total bacterial count in 8/9/2 (B) design at 22°C was 1.9x10³ cfu/gm, conversely in control was 6.3x104 cfu/gm. Consequently, there was a difference between the two ways of drying 8/9/2 (B) design of solar-assisted stack dryer and the control drying method.
5.4.2. Disc-diffusion assay
The antimicrobial activity for chamomile oil sample 8/9/2 (B) design was better than the other sample of control, where chamomile oil sample 8/9/2 (B) design had low effect on Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Candida albicans(ATCC 10231), conversely control sample hadn’t any effect of both microorganisms, and the two samples of chamomile oil 8/9/2 (B) design and control had moderate effect with E. coli (ATCC 11229), and the two samples had no effect Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 25152), and Aspergillus niger (ATCC 6275).
5.4.3. Antiviral activity
5.4.3.1. MTT Cytotoxicity assay
The chamomile oil samples from 8/9/2 (B) design was TCID 50 = 0.97 µl in MDCK cell lines, while the control was TCID 50 = 1.15 µl which indicated a high toxicity for chamomile oil sample from 8/9/2 (B) design than control. These results refer to a high antiviral activity of chamomile oil sample from 8/9/2 (B) design which will be used in a small amount to combat microorganisms than a large amount of control. The antiviral activity of the chamomile oil samples from 8/9/2 (B) dried design was 64.3 PFU (35.7 % inhibition), while control was 85.8 PFU (14.2 % inhibition).
5.5. Sensory evaluation
5.5.1. Sensory evaluation of chamomile attributes average
The panelist’s results average of the odor attribute in chamomile sample 8/9/2 (B) design was 7.46 superior than control sample which was 7.17 of average panelist’s results, the panelist’s results average of the color attribute in chamomile sample 8/9/2 (B) design was 7.66 better than control sample which was 6.57 of average panelist’s results, in the same table the panelist’s results average of the flavor attribute in chamomile sample 8/9/2 (B) design was 7.79 best than control sample which was 6.66 of average panelist’s results, the panelist’s results average of the taste attribute in chamomile sample 8/9/2 (B) design was 7.87 preferable than control sample which was 6.47 of average panelist’s results, the panelist’s results average of the after taste attribute in chamomile sample 8/9/2 (B) design was 7.76 successful than control sample which was 6.57 of average panelist’s results, and the general preference panelist’s results average in chamomile sample 8/9/2 (B) design was 7.91 surpassing than control sample which was 6.56 of average panelist’s results.
5.5.2. Sensory evaluation of mint attributes average
The panelist’s results average of the odor attribute in mint sample 8/9/2 (B) design was 7.87 surpassing than control sample which was 6.36 of average panelist’s results showed in figure (15) panelist’s results average of the color attribute in mint sample 8/9/2 (B) design was 7.87 best than control sample which was 5.46 of average panelist’s results, Results showed that the average of panelist’s results of the flavor attribute in mint sample 8/9/2 (B) design was 7.91 successful than control sample which was 5.59 of average panelist’s results, panelist’s results average of the taste attribute in mint sample 8/9/2 (B) design was 8.34 better than control sample which was 4.50 of average panelist’s results, the panelist’s results average of the after taste attribute in mint sample 8/9/2 (B) design was 8.28 good than control sample which was 4.25 of average panelist’s results, and the panelist’s results average of the general preference attribute in mint sample 8/9/2 (B) design was 8.06 preferable than control sample which was 4.98 of average panelist’s results.
5.5.3. Sensory evaluation of moringa attributes average
The average of panelist’s results of the odor attribute in moringa sample 8/9/2 (B) design was 7.74 superior than control sample which was 6.20 of average panelist’s results, the panelist’s results average of the color attribute in moringa sample 8/9/2 (B) design was 7.53 better than control sample which was 6.33 of average panelist’s results, the average of panelist’s results of the flavor attribute in moringa sample 8/9/2 (B) design was 7.52 better than control sample which was 5.94 of average panelist’s results, the panelist’s results average of the taste attribute in moringa sample 8/9/2 (B) design was 7.40 preferable than control sample which was 5.96 of average panelist’s results, the panelist’s results average of the after taste attribute in moringa sample 8/9/2 (B) design was 7.30 successful than control sample which was 5.93 of average panelist’s results, and the panelist’s results average of the general preference attribute in moringa sample 8/9/2 (B) design was 7.44 surpassing than control sample which was 5.83 of average panelist’s results.
5.5.3. Sensory evaluation statistical analysis
The results showed that the sensory evaluation interaction statistical analysis of the plants and designs. The lowest average of sensory evaluation interaction statistical analysis was 5.66 % founded in control for all selected plants chamomile, mint, and moringa. The results showed the significant ranges between designs and sensory evaluation, and the results confirmed that there was a significant between 8/9/2 (B) design and control, 1/9/2, and 5/5/2 designs, however there were not a significant with 8/9/2 (A) design of solar-assisted stack dryer and basic design, there were not a significant between 5/5/2 design and 8/9/2 (A&B) design. The results showed that, the significant ranges between plants and sensory evaluation, and the results confirmed that, there was not a significant between mint and moringa, but there was a significant with chamomile.