الفهرس 
Aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Rapid urbanization and industrialization release enormous volumes of wastewater, which is increasingly utilized as a resource for irrigation in urban and peri-urban agriculture. The water is becoming more polluted and risk of this polluted water consumption and its sanitation problem is increasing day to day in most of the developing countries so the problem of sanitation in small communities is one of the most pressing problems that must be resolved urgently. In some places there is no sewage network services, while they have only very primitive analysis tanks. In most cases, these wastes are discharged directly either in the Nile River, canals, drains or shrubs and may reach groundwater, which is a source of drinking water in many villages. This results in health, economic and social problems that negatively affect human health and the environment. As a result, construction, operation and maintenance of wastewater system have emerged as a major environmental challenge for the government of Egypt. Sewage treatment by conventional means is very efficient. However, the high construction, operation and maintenance costs for a conventional wastewater collection and treatment system represent an obstacle for the Egyptian government in the installment of such a system in rural areas and small communities. The application of such expensive systems does not offer a sustainable solution for sewage treatment in less wealthy countries like Egypt. Moreover, the skills needed for operation and continuous monitoring programs which are absolutely unavailable on village scale. So low cost as well as low energy treatment has been proven to be an admirable technique and considered by several authors as the basis of sustainable waste management. This study aims to the development and testing of an integrated low cost technology for domestic wastewater treatment that can be applied in small communities.
1) Application of anaerobic- aerobic system hybrid with non- woven fabric sheets
Integrated anaerobic – aerobic pilot - plant system for domestic wastewater treatment was designed, manufactured and installed in a Zenein wastewater treatment plant at Giza Governorate. The system consists of two successive units; up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) packed with supporting media (non-woven fabric sheets) and down flow hanging non-woven unit as post treatment (DHNW) packed also with the same supporting media. The optimum operating conditions for the treatment system carried out through the hydraulic retention 6h.
Physicochemical tests as pH, COD, BOD, TDS, Turbidity and TSS carried out on the influent (raw water), the effluent of UASB and on the effluent after DHNW unit. The results showed in the raw water that the average of pH, COD, BOD, TDS, Turbidity and TSS were 7.7, 361.5mg/l, 253.6mg/l, 484mg/l, 543.5NTU and 162.3mg/l respectively. For bacteriological examination the average of fecal coliform was 5.63 ˣ 107 MPN/100ml.
The primary treated wastewater showed noticeable reduction in the average results of pH, COD, BOD, TDS, Turbidity and TSS which was 7.5, 128mg/l, 98mg/l, 476mg/l, 214NTU and 68 mg/l respectively by % of removal 64%, 66%, 69% and 58% for COD, BOD, Turbidity and TSS respectively. The average of fecal coliform was 2.76 ˣ 107 MPN/100ml by removal 51%.
In the effluent of DHNW unit (the secondary treated wastewater) the results detected that for pH, COD, BOD, TDS, Turbidity and TSS the average were 7.4, 38mg/l, 21mg/l, 459mg/l, 12NTU and 23mg/l by % of removal 71%, 79% , 94% and 66% for COD, BOD, turbidity and TSS respectively. The average of fecal coliform was 9.7 ˣ 106 MPN/100ml by removal 79%.
2) Effect of banded iron formations (haematite) on heavy metals removal from synthetic water
On the study the effectiveness of banded iron formation on heavy metals removal from synthetic water by using different conc. of BIF and at different pH, the result showed that the best removal of Cu2+ was 99.8% at (pH 5, 1g of BIF), for Zn2+ the removal reached 99.5% at (pH 9, 1g of BIF). The best % of removal for Fe3+ was 94.7% at (pH5, 1g of BIF). For the removal of Ni2+ the % was 95.5% at (pH 5, 1g of BIF) and the best removal of Mn2+ was 97.7% at (pH5, 1g of BIF).
3) Effect of chitosan on E.coli from different wastewater samples of the system
In this study the effect of chitosan on E.coli from different samples of the system in zenein wastewater treatment plant was detected and the results showed that the average results of E.coli in the raw water was 132.5 ˣ 104 MPN/100ml, 105 ˣ 104 MPN for UASB, 95 ˣ 104 MPN/100ml after DHNW unit. By using different conc. of chitosan (0.09, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8g) the percentage of removal became 95.3%, 99.9%, 99.9%, ˂ 99.9%, ˂ 99.9% respectively.
4) Effect of chitosan on different bacterial strains
On the study of the effectiveness of chitosan on different strains of bacteria as (Enterococcus faecalis, E.coli, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, staphylococcus aureus), the results showed high effective on these bacteria by different concentrations of chitosan and different times. It was indicated for Enterococcus faecalis and by using conc. 0.09, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8g of chitosan by pour plate method, the best result started at 0.4g and 20min by % of removal 99.98%. For E.coli bacteria the maximum removal of bacteria was started at conc. of 0.4g of chitosan and 20min by % of removal 99.98%. For Bacillus subtilis the % of removal 99.98% begin at conc. 0.6g and 10min. Enterobacter aerogenes showed removal 99.98% started from 0.4g at 30min, and 99.98% beginning at conc. 0.2g at 30min for staphylococcus aureus. The electrostatic interaction between positively charged chitosan groups and negatively charged sites on microbial cell is assumed as the main antimicrobial mechanism.
5) Chitosan activity on E.coli strain using amoxillin (control)
from the results of the study, they show that the inhibition zone around the disc of amoxillin was 6mm but the inhibition zones for both concentration of chitosan (0.6 & 0.8g) were 8mm and 11mm respectively.