الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present thesis describes the preparation and investigation of performance characteristics of new two modified carbon paste sensors for determination of Verapamil hydrochloride as calcium channel blockers drug. The first sensor β-CDCPE based on β-cyclodextrine ionophore incorporated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/ TiO2 nanocomposite and the second sensor VER-PTCPE based on verapamil-phosphotangstate ion-pair incorporated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/ TiO2 nanocomposite. The sensors were constructed and fully characterized in terms of composition, effect of graphite/plasticizer ratio and plasticizer type, characterization of sensors morphology, response time, life span, temperature, usable pH range and selectivity for drug compared with some interfering species. The proposed sensors were successfully applied for the determination of verapamil hydrochloride in pure solutions, pharmaceutical formulation, surface water samples, and human urine using standard addition and potentiometric titration methods. Also, the two sensors are used as indicator electrodes in potentiometric titration of the drug cation. The results were compared with previously published data for determination of verapamil hydrochloride.
The thesis comprises two chapters:
Chapter (I), The chapter gives an idea about the ion selective electrode technique, its types, characterizations, and application in detail. It also gives a brief review of the important development of potentiometric sensors for different drugs.
Chapter (II), Describes the new modified sensors for quantitative determination of the drug. carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/ TiO2 nanocomposite added to sensing materials in two sensors (first sensor β-CDCPE based on β-cyclodextrine ionophore and second sensor VER-PTCPE based on verapamil-phosphotangstate ion-pair). Analytical applications of the developed sensors were investigated for determination of verapamil hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations, surface water and human.