الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 216 |  |  |
| | | from | 216 | | |
Abstract
Several seed of family Solanaceae are collected from different locations. Ten species represented 5 tribes and 5 genus of family Solanaceae which have medicinal importance; Datura innoxia Mill., Datura stramonium L., Datura metel L., Hyoscyamus muticus L., Withania somnifera (L.) Dun.InDC., Solanum nigrum L., Nicotiana tabacum L., Nicotiaina tabacum (white barley) L., Nicotiana rustica L. and Nicotiana gluaca R.C. Grah. has been used in the present study.
The seed topography in this work devoted to describing and compared the external seed macro and micro-morphometrical features of ten species belonging to fives tribes of the Solanaceae and to evaluate their possible use for taxonomic relationships between the studied species which were represented by constructing cluster analysis. The bio-morphometrical features of these seed samples were processed using digital image technologies, together with basic classical tools. Fourteen unique structural distinctive characters were measured to study and compare these features between each of the selected species. Qualitative seed shape were oval shape, pointed oval, ovoid-reniform, reinform and sub-rounded; seed color were yellow, dark yellow, dark- brown, brown and black; the outline were notched ,curved and flat; rough texture and semi-rough; pitted, groove and papillate ornamentation; circular, oval and oral hilum shape and ocellate, smooth with concave centers, smooth with convex centers, irregular, stellate with 6-8 corners or 7-8 corners or 3-6 corners, stellate shape with convex corners, 5-6 corners or 7-8 corners or 10-12 corners, and quantitative characters as seed weight, size, perimeter, surface area and seed index with roundness and eccentricity. The results revealed marked differences, both among and within genera in the studied tribes; where
Datura innoxia, Datura metel and Datura stramonium were higher than Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana tabacum (W.B.), Nicotiana rustica and Nicotiana glauca, then Hyoscyamus muticus, Withania somnifera and Solanum nigrum were rate it in the middle in all morphometrically parameters. By using the pervious markers of seed morphological characters in the following species Withania somnifera, Solanum nigrum, Hyoscyamus muticus, Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana tabacum (W.B.) and Nicotiana rustica which were considered morphologically distantly related to Datura innoxia, Daura metel and Datura stramonium, which were clustered as separated group.
The taxonomic decisions must be made with a full suite of the morphological and other data analysis as anatomical, chemical and molecular traits also made in order to facilitate determination within these groups.
Stem and leaves anatomical features of nine Egyptian those species were studied also, in order to find useful taxonomic characters. Fresh stem and leaves material were collected and treated by conventional anatomical procedures. characters that indicate close interrelationships among the investigated species include: measurements of epidermis, cortex, vascular bundle and pith thickness of stem in addition to, measurements of epidermis, mesophyll for leaves lamina and midrib. The results of this work, taken along with data from other sources, can be used to enhance the proper taxonomic evaluation of genus Solanum. By using 22 markers of anatomical characters in the following species Datura stramonium, Daura metel , Withania somnifera, Solanum nigrum, Hyoscyamus muticus and Nicotiana rustica which were considered anatomically distantly related to Datura innoxia, Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana tabacum (W.B.), which were clustered as separated group.
The epidermis cover with cuticle as thick wall in all species as morph-anatomical characters in stems and leaves adaptation to reduce transpiration and water loss. The epidermis thickness is 1.3 % ratio of total stem in Datura innoxia, Datura metel, Datura stramonium, Withania somnifera and Nicotiana rustica. And recorded 1.15 % and 1.03% in Solanum nigrum and Nicotiaina tabacum (W.B.). And recorded 0.88% and 0.86% in Hyoscyamus muticus and Nicotiaina tabacum. While, in leaf, there are leaf lamina and midrib region where there are upper epidermis and lower epidermis. In leaf lamina the highest upper epidermis ratio in Solanum nigrum is 21.91% and highest lower epidermis is 26.23%. In midrib region the highest upper and lower epidermis ratio was noticed in Nicotiana rustica.
Biological activity analyses for eight Egyptian pervious species were studied, in order to find useful economic characters. Fresh leaves material was collected and treated by conventional biological activity analysis including antimicrobial effects of plant extract on some types of microorganism of fungi and bacteria (Fusarium oxysporium, Aspergillus niger, Bacillus cereus and Seratia sp.). The in vitro antifungal activity of Datura innoxia, Datura stramonium, Withania somnifera, Solanum nigrum and Nicotiana tabacum (W.B.) against Fusarium oxysporium, but no effect of Datura metel, Hyoscyamus muticus and Nicotiana tabacum extracts. On the other hand, none of the tested taxa extracts show activity on Aspergillus niger.
The antibacterial activity of Datura innoxia, Datura metel, Datura stramonium, Withania somnifera and Nicotiana tabacum (W.B.) against gram positive bacteria Bacillus cereus have efficient results, in the same time, Datura innoxia, Datura metel, Datura stramonium, Hyoscyamus muticus, Withania somnifera, Solanum nigrum and Nicotiana tabacum extracts showed antibacterial activity against gram negative bacteria Seratia sp.
As well as phytochemical estimation including the estimation of phenol, flavonoid, soluble protein and soluble carbohydrate. The phytochemical estimation for Datura innoxia was resulted in high concentrations of flavonoids, phenols, soluble carbohydrates and soluble proteins. In case of Datura stramonium, the phytochemical estimation showed high concentration of flavonoids, soluble carbohydrates, phenols and soluble proteins but phytochemical estimation of the Datura metel leaves gave high concentrations of flavonoids, phenols, soluble carbohydrates and soluble proteins. High concentrations of flavonoids, phenols, soluble carbohydrates and soluble proteins for Hyoscyamus muticus, Withania somnifera showed different concentrations of the phytochemicals constitutes, phenols, flavonoids, soluble carbohydrates and soluble proteins. Solanum nigrum has high concentrations of flavonoids, phenols, soluble carbohydrates and soluble proteins The results of Nicotiana tabacum showed high concentrations of flavonoids, soluble carbohydrates, phenols and soluble proteins. The phytochemical estimation of Nicotiana tabacum (W.B.) showed different concentrations of flavonoids, soluble carbohydrates, phenols and soluble proteins.
In the molecular analysis here, the total genomic DNA was isolated from young leaves from the studied species by using Genomic DNA Mini Kit-Plant Protocol (Genedia).
ITS and chloroplast molecular markers were used to study the genetics analysis and taxonomic relationships between the studied species. PCR produce yield (bands) by using 6 types of ITS primers with total genomic DNA of the studied species: primer ITS whole region (universal), primer ITS whole region (plant specific), primer ITS 1 (universal), primer ITS 1 (plant specific), primer ITS 2 (universal) and primer ITS 2 (plant specific). Sequencing process occurred to PCR products were yielded by primer ITS whole region (universal) and primer ITS 1 (plant specific).
Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on forward sequence of ITS universal of 9 species and 62 other species as out-groups. The phylogenetic tree exhibited two branches; the first one has two branches, the first clade contains three species D. innoxia, D. stramonium, D. metel and the other Datura species, Brugmansia sp., Trianea sp., Markea sp., Junullos sp., Merinthopodium sp., N. tabacum, H. muticus, N. tabacum (W.B.) and N. rustica. The second clade contains W. somnifera and W. ashwagandha that were closely related to each other. The second main branch contains all Solanum species especially S.nigrum.
PCR produce yield (bands) by using 3 types of chloroplast primers with the chloroplast genome cDNA of the studied species: trnK.intron, rpoCl .intron and rps7& rpsl.2. Sequencing process occurred to PCR products were yielded by primer rpoCl in the studied species.
Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on forward sequence of rpoCl .intron of 9 species 2 other species as out-groups. The phylogenetic tree exhibited two branches; the first branch have more than one branches contain N. tabacum, N. tabacum (W.B.) and N. rustica, N. sylvestris, N. longiflora, D. innoxia, D. stramonium, D. metel, H.muticus and S.nigrum. The other branch contains W.somnifera.