الفهرس 
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Abstract
ince the energy ofPV systems is affected by weather conditions, another
power source is required in the case of off-grid applications to meet the
load requirements despite climate changes. One possible solution to this
problem is to integrate the photoelectric generator with a fuel cell (Fe).
In this thesis, four different energy systems are compared in terms of
performance and economic feasibility. The first system consists of a PV
array, a battery. The second system consists of a PV array with an
electrolyzer and a fuel cell. The.rhird system consists of a PV array with
fuel cells and equipped with an external tank without hydrogen storage.
The fourth system is the PV array with batteries, electrolytes, and fuel
cells. All the four systems have been simulated and analyzed using
MatJab/Simulink, incorporating many of the technical issues. The
comparison of the four systems revealed that the fourth system is the
most capable to solve the intermittent nature of the PV systems
efficiently, with an acceptable cost., Because one of the disadvantages of
the first system is that the batteries graduaJJy reduce the output capacity
until they reach the percentage of battery capacity available for discharge.
and the batteries are not able to store seasonally. But one of the
advantages of the battery is that its dynamic response is fast compared to
the second and third systems of fuel cell use, but the second system is
characterized by storing energy in the form of hydrogen for long periods.
But if hydrogen is not produced in the third system, its cost is very high.
Therefore, the fourth system is the best, to combine the characteristics of the batteries in the case of compensation of the load power.