الفهرس 
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Abstract
Samples of fifty whole milk powder and thirty of each skim milk powder, powdered infant milk formula and milk-cereal based infant
formula were collected from various shops, supermarkets and pharmacies in Giza and Cairo Governates, Egypt. Whole and skim milk
powder samples were graded according to their sensory parameters and its evaluation were revealed that 60.00% and 56.67% of
excellent quality, respectively. By analysis of their chemical compositions (moisture%, total solids%, fat%, protein%, and titratable
acidity %); all samples were within range established by Egyptian standards. Lead and mercury were measured in a mean value of
0.243 ± 0.069 and 0.261 ± 0.052 mg/kg for whole milk powder samples in a percentage of (68.00 & 34.00%), while 0.150 ± 0.037
and 0.347 ± 0.110 mg/kg in a percentage of (66.67 & 40.00%) for skim milk powder, respectively. In addition, lead, cadmium,
aluminum, arsenic and mercury were measured in a range concentration of 0.384-0.480, 0.014-0.015, 0.296-0.761, 0.174-0.233 and
0.236-0.345 mg/kg of the examined powdered infant milk formula. All dried samples were investigated to the presence of melamine
and cyanuric acid, melamine could be detected in 30.00% of whole milk powder, 73.33% of skim milk powder, 66.67% of powdered
infant milk formula and 83.33% milk-cereal based infant formula samples, but cyanuric acid was not detected in all samples. Total
aerobic bacteria were present in mean values of 4.97 × 102 ±1.21 × 102, 2.25 × 102 ±0.40 × 102, 0.23 × 102 ± 0.02 × 102 and 3.47 × 102
± 0.50 × 102 CFU/g for whole milk powder, skim milk powder, powdered infant milk formula and milk-cereal based baby formula,
respectively. While mean values of aerobic spore formers were as follows: 4.33 × 102 ±1.625 × 102, 0.36 × 102 ±0.064 × 102, 0.25 ×
102 ±0.026 × 102 and 2.39 × 102 ±0.322 × 102 CFU/g of 50 samples of whole milk powder, 23/30 of skim milk powder, 30 of
powdered infant milk formula and 30 milk-cereal based infant formula, respectively. Yeasts were only found in two whole milk
powder samples with a mean value of 0.65 × 102 ± 0.05 × 102 CFU/g. Coagulase Positive S. aureus was isolated from whole, skim
milk powder, powdered infant milk and milk-cereal based baby formula samples in a percentage of 36.00 (23 isolates), 6.67 (2
isolates), 10.00 (4 isolates), and 13.33 (6 isolates), respectively. These Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to oxacillin,
methicillin, and penicillin. Bacillus cereus was existing in 64.00, 43.33, 26.67 and 36.67% with a mean of 0.57 × 102 ± 0.182 × 102,
0.07 × 102 ±0.010 × 102, 0.06 × 102 ±0.011 × 102 and 0.12 × 102 ±0.030× 102 CFU/g of whole, skim milk powder, powdered infant
milk and milk-cereal based baby formula, respectively. Bacillus cereus was identified biochemically as follows; in a percentage of
53.4, 80.0, 56.3 and 66.7 of total isolates identified in whole, skim milk powder, powdered infant milk and milk-cereal based baby
formula, respectively. The PCR results revealed that Bacillus cereus isolates found to harbor toxigenic genes in the following
percentages: 77.8, 2.0, 72.7, 16.2 and 67.7 for nhe, hbl, cytK, Ces and bceT, respectively, in all examined powder samples. Bacillus
cereus strains were able to grow in presence of cefoxitin, colistin sulphate, neomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, oxacillin, and
penicillin. By using traditional biochemical tests and the vitek2 system a total of forty-three Enterobacteriaceae spp. have been
identified from dried samples as follows: 11 (8 Enterobacter cloacae ssp. cloacae and 3 Pantoea spp.) were contaminated ten
samples of whole milk powder, 1 (Enterobacter cloacae ssp. cloacae) from one skim milk powder sample, 10
(6 Enterobacter spp. {3 Enterobacter cloacae ssp. cloacae and 3 Enterobacter hormaechei} and 4 Pantoea spp.) have been isolated
from 6 samples of powdered infant milk formula and twenty-one (7 Enterobacter cloacae ssp. cloacae, 2 Enterobacter hormaechei,
11 Pantoea spp. and 1 Raoultella ornithinolytica) from 13 samples of milk-cereal based baby formula. By evaluation of antimicrobial
resistance degree of Enterobacteriaceae species, the most of distinguished species were susceptible to chloramphenicol, gentamycin,
and nalidixic acid antimicrobials. A cross section sample of 554 mothers in Giza, Egypt, mothers accepted to complete a
questionnaire for assess their knowledge, attitudes, practices & hygienic awareness during using of powder infant milk formula for
feeding their infants. One-hundred and fifty-five mothers correctly followed procedures for efficient cleaning and sterilization of
feeding bottles, about eighty mothers were hygienically aware, they believed in the lack of sanitary cleaning and sterilization may
cause food poisoning. Egyptian mothers found necessity to more advice and information on adequate procedures in feeding infants.