الفهرس 
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Abstract
Holographic projection is regarded as one of the most encouraging and powerful tools for providing three-dimensional (3D) information of an object without special eyewear. Therefore, the application of holographic projection in the medical field can be used as a relevant tool for displaying accurate 3D representation of different body organs. from the current literature, all existing holographic projection systems are focused only on the external surface and did not deal with the organs’ anatomical structure. However, the anatomy of the organs can facilitate an intuitive understanding of their structures and making them easier to analyze. Thus, the construction of holographic projection systems based on the anatomy of the organs is expected to be a valuable tool in the medical field. Therefore, the present study aims to use holographic projection to enhance i) the diagnosis and the treatment procedures of brain diseases and ii) the follow-up process of brain tumor progression for glioblastoma patients. To achieve this, we propose three different holographic projection systems of brain anatomical structures and abnormal lesions. The first proposed system, is a comparative holographic projection system. It is used for visual and quantitative comparison of two abnormal follow-up magnetic resonance (MR) exams of glioblastoma patients, to effectively evaluate brain tumor progression. The second and the third proposed systems deal with brain tissue and its anatomical structures including white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM), for providing a 3D visualization map
of the brain anatomical structures. To realize the proposed systems, first, the brain anatomical structures and tumor areas are segmented from the MR exams using the fast marching method (FMM). The FMM approach is implemented on a computed pixel weight matrix based on an automated selection of a set of initialized target points. Second, the associated phase holograms, for the segmented structures, are calculated and optimized using an adaptive iterative Fourier transform algorithm (AIFTA). Within the optical reconstruction, a spatial multiplexing is applied to reduce the speckle noise across the observation plane. In all proposed systems, the calculated holograms are superimposed into a single 2D hologram. Finally, the 2D hologram is then displayed on a reflective phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) for the optical reconstruction. In comparison to the state of the art holographic projection systems, that focused only on the external surface of an organ, our proposed systems can be utilized for providing better interpretation and evaluation of brain anatomical and abnormal structures. Additionally, the assessment of the brain tumor progression with respect to a given treatment method can be accurately achieved, providing improvement in diagnosis, and treatment planning.