الفهرس 
AbstractOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
Abstract
Immunization is often a stressful medical procedure for healthy infants and is a common cause of childhood iatrogenic pain, there is an increasing interest to recommend the use of non-pharmacological interventions in the management of pain due to their effectiveness during painful procedures. Aim: To evaluate using skin-cooling technique on pain relief during and after immunization among infants. Methods: A two group pre-post quasi-experiment was performed in EL-Sheikh Zaied‘s medical center affiliated with Ministry of Health, Ismalia City on a purposeful sample of 180 infants from two to six months of age who administer routine immunization. Using structured interview questionnaire including personal data, crying duration and characteristics, vital signs and Face pain scale and Neonatal infant pain scale of pain assessment. All research ethics were applied. Results: Less than one quarter of infants had no pain and more than two thirds of infants had a mild pain in experimental group while more than three quarters of infants had severe pain and less than one quarter of infants had moderate pain in control groupduring and after immunization. After immunization,vast majority of infants had normal respiratory and heart rates in the experimental group were normal compared with the vast majority of infants had tachycardia and tachypnea in the control group. Less mean duration of crying in experimental group than the control group during and after routine injectable immunization Conclusion: Immunized infants who received skin-cooling technique had no pain and reduced pain severity, less mean score of crying duration and more stable vital signs than infants in control group. Recommendations: Application of ice pack has to be a part of the routine care of all infants before immunization procedure in medical health centers. Further studies on various age groups of the pediatric population and in all types of vaccines must be done.