الفهرس 
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Abstract
Infertility is defined as the inability to achieve conception despite one year of regular, unprotected intercourse. Idiopathic azoospermia and idiopathic oligospermia are common reasons for male infertility. Genetic abnormalities have been identified as one of the major contributing factors of male infertility.
It could impair the quality of life in both men and women, as mental, physical, social and personal aspects of their lives are affected. It will often result in waste of time and money, marital disruption and divorce in severe situations.
Among the currently studied genetic causes of male infertility, are genetic polymorphisms, where many genes had been identified to be associated with male infertility as Estrogen receptor 1(ESR1) and Estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2).
Estrogens are steroid hormones biologically important class of chemically related hormones secreted into the blood stream by the adrenal cortex and gonads (ovaries and testes). Steroid hormones are synthesized from one common precursor molecule; cholesterol, by the involvement of several enzymatic pathways resulting in a myriad of hormones for different target tissues and organs.