الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Deterioration of concrete mechanical properties especially compressive strength after exposure to fire is one of the major durability problems that cause serious damage to concrete. A number of complex physicochemical reactions take place when concrete is heated, causing mechanical properties as compressive strength and stiffness to deteriorate. Fire resistance can be defined as the ability of concrete to enable the structural elements to withstand fire or to give protection from it [Malhotra, 1956]. This includes the competence to resist a fire or to continue to perform a given structural function, or both.
Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) in micro and nano sizes have become an integral part of high strength and high performance concrete mix design. These may be naturally occurring materials, industrial wastes, or byproducts or the ones requiring less energy to manufacture. The most common cementitious materials that are used as concrete constituents, in addition to Portland cement, are Fly Ash (FA), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)., Silica Fume (SF), Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as well as MetaKaolin (MK). To overcome the problem of concrete strength deterioration when exposed to fire, many researchers have traced the effect of many types of materials used as concrete additives on enhancing concrete durability characteristics.
While the meaning of ”Nanotechnology” varies from field to field, nanotechnology is commonly defined as the understanding, controlling and restructuring the material in the scale of nanometers (less than 100 nm) to create materials with new properties and functions [ASTM International E, 2006].