الفهرس 
الفصل الأول مشكلة البحث و خطة معالجتهايوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
The current age is witnessing a noticeable increase in scientific knowledge and development of its applications in all fields, and this development has in turn reflected on the methods and methods of teaching various sciences, including mathematics, this has led educators to search for the best ways, means and activities to provide an interactive educational environment that helps learners to exchange opinions, experiences and master the skills And gain information.
Mathematics is of great importance in the various educational stages, because it contributes to developing the mental abilities of students, and gaining them many mathematical skills necessary to study other subjects in addition to its direct applications in everyday life situations, which made it have an important impact on the life of the individual and society .
Mathematics also contributes to preparing the individual to face the challenges of the era, which is characterized by scientific and technological development, in addition to its importance in providing the individual with some life-dealing skills, such as the ability to solve problems that he faces in his daily life. We have outlined (William Obaid et al .: 1998, 19) the importance of mathematics in that it is: a great aid to understanding the life around us, having wide applications in public life, serving other school subjects, a good tool for interpreting life situations, urging the continuation of self-education, from the fields Lush to train students in sound thinking methods .
Thinking is an important activity in the lives of individuals and a necessity for both achievement and the practice of different life activities. (Ibrahim Abdullah Al-Humaidan: 2005, 139). The National Council of Mathematics Teachers (NCTM: 2000, 2003) emphasized the importance and necessity of stimulating the learner’s thought, and developing his ability to think in a way that ensures the development of students ’ability to solve problems, discover generalizations and mathematical relationships, and link them to produce new mathematical structures and use multiple types of inference , Methods of proof, and the use of mathematics and logic to express ideas, mathematical issues in an accurate manner and the ability to create new representations and mathematical models (Magdi Aziz: 19, 2005)
Almost all educators agree that the common element among all types of thinking is the use of mental reasoning in the face of the unknown and trying to uncover it objectively and it is always necessary to search for the causes, and to determine the factors that may be related to the phenomenon that is to be explained or the problem that is to be solved .
Research problem:
The research problem is represented in: low levels of Academic Achievement, Deductive Thinking and The habit of perseverance for prep students, and this may be due to teachers using the usual teaching methods and approaches that do not fit the level of learners’ thinking. Therefore, the researcher tries to identify the effect of the merging between the two strategies of (Reciprocal Teaching & Electronic Mind Maps) in Teaching Mathematics on Academic Achievement, Deductive Thinking and The habit of perseverance for prep students. This problem can be addressed by answering the following research questions.
: Research questions
The current research attempts to answer the following main question :
What is the effect of the merger between the two strategies of (Reciprocal Teaching & Electronic Mind Maps) in Teaching Mathematics on Academic Achievement, Deductive Thinking and The habit of perseverance for prep students?
To answer this question, the following sub-questions must be answered ;
1) What is the effect of the merger between the two strategies of (Reciprocal Teaching & Electronic Mind Maps) in Teaching Mathematics on Academic Achievement for prep students?
2) What is the effect of the merger between the two strategies of (Reciprocal Teaching & Electronic Mind Maps) in Teaching Mathematics on developing developing Deductive Thinking for prep students ?
3) What is the effect of the merger between the two strategies of (Reciprocal Teaching & Electronic Mind Maps) in Teaching Mathematics on developing the habit of perseverance for prep students?
Research Hypotheses :
The present research seeks to test the validity of the following hypotheses:
1) There are statistical differences between the average marks of students belonging to the experimental group who studied the two units (numbers - engineering and measurement) using the merger between Two Strategies of Reciprocal Teaching and Electronic Mind Maps and the average marks of students belonging to the control group who studied the same two units by the usual way in the post – application of Academic Achievement test in favor of Experimental group.
2) There are statistical differences between the average marks of students belonging to the experimental group who studied the two units (numbers - engineering and measurement ) using the merger between Two Strategies of Reciprocal Teaching and Electronic Mind Maps and the average marks of students belonging to the control group who studied the same two units by the usual way in the post – application of Deductive Thinking skills test in favor of Experimental group.
3)There are statistical differences between the average marks of students belonging to the experimental group who studied the two units (numbers - engineering and measurement) using the merger between Two Strategies of Reciprocal Teaching and Electronic Mind Maps and the average marks of students belonging to the control group who studied the same two units by the usual way in the post – application of The Habit of perseverance Scale in favor of Experimental group.
Research aims :
The current research aims to: Study the effect of the merger between the two strategies of reciprocal teaching and electronic mind maps in the teaching of mathematics and the effect of this on:
1) Developing Academic Achievement at levels: low (remembering), medium (understanding, applying), high (solving problems) .
2) Developing Deductive Thinking skills at the level: inductive and deductive .
3) Developing one of the habits of the mind, which is (the habit of perseverance).
Research Importance :
The importance of the current research is as follows :
1) The application of modern teaching approaches through merging between the two strategies of reciprocal teaching and electronic mind maps in the field of mathematics may contribute to raising the level of cognitive achievement and developing inferential thinking among prep students, which corresponds to contemporary directives in the methods of teaching and learning .
2)The current research provides a procedural model for how to design two units in mathematics prescribed at the preparatory stage by merging the two strategies of reciprocal teaching and electronic mental maps. This may help math teachers to implement their material lessons using these advanced techniques .
3) Providing teachers and researchers with a guide for the teacher explaining how to teach the two units (numbers - engineering and measurement), which are set for the first preparatory first graders, and the merging of the two strategies of reciprocal teaching and electronic mental maps to develop achievement, inferential thinking and the habit of perseverance .
4)The current research offers new and modern tools such as (a test in cognitive achievement, a test in inferential thinking, a test for the habit of perseverance) that can be used to evaluate some aspects of mathematics learning for prep students .
5) An attempt to overcome the shortcomings of the usual and common mathematics teaching methods and strategies in schools .
Search Limits :
The current search limits are limited to :
1)A research group of middle school students from the Imam Ali bin Abi Talib Model Institute in the Sohag governorate.
2) Two units of the mathematics curriculum scheduled for the first preparatory grade in the second semester: the first unit (numbers) in algebra and the third unit (engineering and measurement) in engineering, by combining two strategies of reciprocal teaching and electronic mental maps.
3) Academic Achievement at levels(William Obaid ) : low (remembering), medium (understanding, applying), high (solving problems) .
4) Deductive Thinking skills at the level: inductive and deductive .
5) Developing one of the habits of the mind, which is (the habit of perseverance).
Research Methodology :
The current research uses the quasi-experimental approach based on the design of the two groups (experimental - controlling) where the experimental group studies the first unit (numbers) in algebra and the third unit (engineering and measurement) in engineering in the second semester by the merger between the two strategies of (Reciprocal Teaching & Electronic Mind Maps), While the control group studies the same two units as usual teaching methods.
Research Materials and Tools :
First - Research Materials :
1)Designing electronic mental maps for each of the two units’ lessons, using computer programs (Mind master).
2)A booklet for the student, prepared in accordance with the use of combining the strategies of Reciprocal teaching and electronic mind maps.
3) A guide for the teacher, prepared in accordance with the use of by the merger between the two strategies of (Reciprocal Teaching & Electronic Mind Maps) .
Second- Research Tools :
1) Academic Achievement test . (Prepared by the researcher)
2) Deductive Thinking skills test. (Prepared by the researcher)
3) The Habit of perseverance Scale. (Prepared by the researcher)
Search Steps :
The researcher took the following steps to answer the research questions and to achieve the research goals :
1) Preparing the theoretical framework through reviewing previous studies, literature and research that are relevant to the current research topic and include :
- Cross-teaching: its concept, characteristics, and role in achieving mathematics teaching goals.
- Electronic mental maps: their concept, characteristics, design, characteristics, and uses in the educational process.
- Deductive Thinking and its patterns.
-Habits of the mind (usually perseverance ).
2) Analyzing the content of the two modules (numbers - engineering and measurement), which are set for the preparatory first graders in the second semester.
3)Prepare an initial list of the reasoning thinking skills necessary to develop it for the preparatory first graders and present it to the arbitrators to determine its suitability for use and amendment in the light of their proposals .
4) Preparing educational materials for research and this requires :
- - Designing electronic mental maps for each of the lessons of the two units, using one of the computer programs, including: (Mind Map, Mind View3, Mindmaster, Free Mind9).)
- - Preparing a booklet for the student, prepared according to the merging between the two strategies of mutual teaching and electronic mental maps for teaching the two units (numbers - engineering and measurement) and presenting it to a group of arbitrators and specialists.
- - Preparing a guide for the teacher according to the merging between the two strategies of mutual teaching and electronic mental maps for teaching the units (numbers - engineering and measurement) and presenting it to a group of arbitrators and specialists .
5)Preparing assessment tools, including :
- Academic Achievement test in the two units (numbers - engineering and measurement) and presented to a group of arbitrators to ensure that it is valid and statistically adjusted
- Deductive Thinking skills test in the units of (numbers - engineering and measurement) and presenting it to a group of arbitrators to ensure its validity and statistical control.
- Preparing The Habit of perseverance Scale and presenting it to a group of arbitrators to ensure its validity.
6) Conducting a pilot experiment to control research materials and tools.
7)Teaching the two units (numbers - engineering and measurement) for the experimental group students using the combination of the two strategies of mutual teaching and electronic mind maps, while the students of the control group study the same subjects in the usual way.
8)Conduct post application of the tools .
9)Statistically treating the results, analyzing and interpreting them.
10)Provide recommendations and proposals in light of the research results .
Research Results :
In light of the procedures followed by the researcher to solve the research problem, the following results were reached:
1)There are statistically significant differences between the mean scores of students of the experimental group and the control group at the level (0.05) in the post-application of the Academic achievement test in favor of the experimental group .
2)There are statistically significant differences between the mean scores of students of the experimental group and the control group at the level (0.05) in the post-application Deductive Thinking skills test in favor of the experimental group.
3)There are statistically significant differences between the mean scores of students of the experimental group and the control group at the level (0.05) in the post application of the measure of persistence usually in favor of the experimental group.
Research Recommendations :
As the results of the current study have shown the superiority of students of the experimental group that studied two units (numbers - engineering and measurement) using of the merger between Two Strategies of (Reciprocal Teaching & Electronic Mind Maps) in Teaching Mathematics on Academic Achievement, Deductive Thinking and The habit of perseverance., so the researcher recommends the following :
First- In the field of teacher preparation :
1) Encouraging teachers to use the integration between the two strategies of mutual teaching and electronic mind maps, inside the classroom, and training them on how to use it in teaching mathematics, introducing them to their advantages, and how to prepare lessons by using integration .
2)Training the teachers to use modern strategies that help to improve the educational process such as playing vertigo - reciprocal teaching - electronic mental maps - cooperative learning ..... etc. that make the learner an active and effective element in the educational process, and the need to move away from the traditional methods In teaching that depends on memorization and instruction in teaching and learning mathematics .
3)Training of teachers for the faculty of education in the use of modern strategies and employing them in the teaching process .
4)Focusing on teaching mathematics to use modern teaching methods that are consistent with the nature of the current era, which is characterized by scientific and technological development .
Second- In the field of school curricula :
1)Interest in developing mathematics curricula and reorganizing their content in line with the nature of the current era, which is characterized by scientific and technological development.
2)Using modern teaching methods and methods and meaningful learning based on proper understanding and effective participation by students, and avoiding memorization memorization in learning mathematics, by linking new information to the appropriate information found in the learner’s cognitive structure, by using Merging the two strategies of mutual teaching with electronic mind maps.
3)Reconsidering the mathematics curricula, their content, and presenting them in an interesting way and formulating them in ways that explode and activate the abilities of thinking and inferential thinking among students, and are based on initiative, research, experimentation, and avoiding the focus on memorization and memorization .
4)The necessity of diversification in the means of evaluation and maintaining its continuity from the beginning of the session to the end, which helps in developing evidentiary thinking.
Suggested Researchs:
1)Re-applying the current study to learners in the different education stages .
2)Studying the effect of combining the strategies of mutual teaching and cooperative learning in teaching mathematics on developing thinking skills and the trend towards information technology for second-year middle school students .
3)Determine the training needs for mathematics teachers in integrating the two strategies of mutual teaching with electronic mind maps to teach mathematics at the preparatory stage .
4)The effect of the effectiveness of a training program for mathematics teachers in the preparatory stage on the use of electronic mental maps in the teaching of mathematics .
5)Conducting evaluative studies of mathematics curricula for the various educational stages in light of their ability to develop inferential thinking and thinking skills in general .
6)Conducting a study dealing with the evaluation of the teaching performance of the mathematics teacher in various stages in the light of inferential thinking skills .
7)The effectiveness of a computer-based program in teaching mathematics to develop engineering concepts, engineering thinking, and the trend towards mathematics among high school students.