الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Historically, most of the regulatory attention has been focused on uranium ore mining and extracting, as such operations are a direct result of radioactivity in the ore and part of the nuclear fuel cycle. Over the past decade many countries have introduced measures to control exposures arising from a wider range of natural sources, in particular minerals and raw materials other than those associated with uranium mining [1].
Natural background radiation originated from several non-nuclear industrial alternatives as it shown in Figure (1.1). These radionuclides represent about 80% from all radioactive resources.
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Non-nuclear industrial redistribution and concentration naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs).All minerals and raw materials contain radionuclides of natural origin, the ” U and “ “Th decay series and K radionuclides are the most important for the purposes of radiation protection. Most human activities involving minerals and raw materials the levels of exposure to these radionuclides are significantly higher than normal background levels. Such exposures, while having been the subject of much research, are not of concern for radiation protection. However, certain activities can give rise to significantly enhanced exposures that may need to be controlled by regulation.