الفهرس 
INRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 165 |  |  |
| | | from | 165 | | |
Abstract
1. Introduction
The Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most serious and destructive phytophagous insect pests in Egypt, not only to cotton plants, but also to many field and vegetables crops (Kandil et al., 2003). This insect species is extremely polyphagous, causing important economic losses in both greenhouse and open field on a broad range of ornamental, industrial and vegetable crops. Insecticides of synthetic origin have been used to manage insect pests for more than 50 years (Charnley and Collins, 2007). The intensive use of broad-spectrum chemical insecticides for controlling this pest usually leads to adverse effects on beneficial bioagents and development of high levels of resistance to organophosphates, carbamates and pyretheroids (Alford, 2000). This phenomenon can cause dramatic consequences in terms of increasing treatment rates and application frequencies required of different pesticides, etc. Insects often develop resistance against these chemicals after many successive applications (Ishaaya and Klein, 1990). In addition, pesticides cause heavy da