الفهرس 
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Large amount of energy is consumed during soil tillage operation because of high draft required. Knowing draft requirements of a tillage tool is important for selection of optimum tractor to minimize fuel consumption. Draft force depends on the soil properties, tool geometry, depth of tillage, and operating speed. There is two ways to obtain the draft force either through experimental work, which is very tedious, time consuming and very expensive or using simulation modeling. Plenty of simulation models are available in the literature. Studying these models Shone model is selected as the most appropriate model to deal with a simple tillage tool as the Chisel plow which is the most popular plow among Egyptian farmers.
A computer program was written expressing Shone model equations using VB language for its simplicity and credibility.
To verify the model relevant data was collected from the literature of 8 actual field experiments .The model was verified by comparing the predicted draft force with the measured at various tool parameters(tool width, tool length and tool rake angle),soil characteristics (bulk density, soil cohesion and internal friction angle ) and plowing depth, plowing speed and soil-metal friction angle. The results indicated very close agreements between predicted and measured values.
Model experimentation was carried out using soil characteristics of similar to soil of faculty of agriculture farm of Moshtohor with respect to tool rake angle (30 - 75), tool depth (100 – 300 mm), tool speed (0.89 – 1.92 m/s), and tool width (100 – 400 mm).. The result showed a straight line relationship between draft force and each of
these