الفهرس 
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Abstract
6. The prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in camels, sheep and pigs slaughtered in El-Basatin abattoir, El-Monieb, El-Waraa and Beni-Suef abattoirs was recorded with detecting the fertility, size and viability of the recovered cysts. Livers and lungs were the most affected organs. The overall prevalence of CE was 10.82%, 0.77% and 0.24% in camels, sheep and pigs respectively. The percentage was 9, 0.68 and 0.24% in camels, sheep and pigs, respectively in El-Basatin abattoir. In El-Monieb, only sheep were infected (0.87%). In El-Waraa and Beni-Suef abattoirs, CE was seen in camels only (5.6% and 39.58%, respectively).
In camels, lungs, livers and spleen were affected with percentages of 91.93, 4.83 and 3.22%, respectively. In sheep, the most affected organ was the liver (90.90%) followed by lungs (9.09%). In pigs, the cysts were detected in lungs only. The fertility rate was 46.77% and 3.03% in camels and sheep, while all cysts in pigs were fertile. The sterile cysts were 14.52% in camels and 21.12% in sheep. Calcified/degenerated cysts were in higher percentage in sheep (75.76%) than in camels (38.71%). The majority (48.39%) of cysts of camels were large-sized while in sheep, all cyst sizes are found in more or less equal percentages. In pigs, cysts were large-sized.
In vitro assay was applied to assess the effect of five commercially used disinfectants on the protoscolices. The present study cleared that all tested disinfectants were effective as scolicidal agents. Dettol® was the most affected disinfectant as it killed 100% of the scolices after 10 min of exposure associated with multiple degenerative changes. Also, TH4+ was effective as it killed 100% of scolices after 10 min of exposure followed by which showed 98% scolicidal activities after 10 min, while 100% scolicidal activities of Virkon S® appeared after 30 min. On the other hand, sodium hypochlorite killed 80% of scolices after10 min of exposure and all the scolices died after 120 min exposure. The use of phenol revealed 50, 85, 90, 90 and 95% scolicidal activities at 10, 30,60,90,120 min post exposure.
Molecular identification of the recovered cysts including conventional PCR and phylogenetic analysis were performed. Application of cPCR using the gene coding for the cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1) on tested 11 samples revealed a positive diagnostic band at 450 bp. DNA sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and nucleotides identity was applied on 10 samples (3 camels, 5 sheep, 1pig and equine) and the obtained sequences revealed that the identity percent among the three camel isolates was 99.7%. Echinococus granulosus sheep isolate, sheep liver fertile cyst, showed 100% identity with Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotype G1. Four calcified cysts were identical 99.7% with Taenia hydatigena isolate. Meanwhile, E. granulosus pig isolate, lung fertile cyst, was 100% identity with Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotype G7. The equine isolate showed 100% identity with Echinococcus equinus isolate.
Histopathology was applied to detect the tissue damage induced by cystic echionococosis in infected animals. It has been found that hepatic alterations in sheep and camels consisted of the occurrence of hydatid cysts which might be single or multiple associated with severe leucocytic infiltration of large numbers of inflammatory cells within the hepatic parenchyma and around the fibrous capsule surrounding the hydatid cysts. In lungs of camels and sheep, histopathological findings were similar to those of the liver.