الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is considered the main source of food in the world and in Egypt. Raising wheat production through increasing productivity and increasing the cultivated area is an important national target to minimize the gap between the Egyptian production and consumption. The total production of wheat reached at least 9000000 tons annually (FAO, 2016). Increasing wheat production is a national target in Egypt to achieve the food security for the people. also, its straw is used as animal feeding and also in manufacturing paper. This target could be achieved by increasing wheat area in the Delta and the Valley as well as in the new reclaimed lands and growing high yielding cultivars compiled with more adequate practices. Therefore, this increase in wheat production resulted from vertical and horizontal expansion. Growing wheat in new reclaimed areas, poor in organic and available nitrogen content would require specific amount of nitrogen fertilizers differ from those applied to the old cultivated fertile areas. Moreover, the continuous rapid increasing in the population resulted in increasing demand on wheat, decreasing self-sufficiency from it. Increasing wheat yield per unit area can be achieved by breeding high yielding varieties or improving the cultural treatments of the crop. Modern wheat varieties were developed to maximize grain yield under favorable environmental conditions (high input conditions especially water supply.
The selection of suitable sowing method plays an important role in the placement of seed at proper depth which ensures better emergence and good subsequent crop growth. Planting method plays an important role in the wheat plants competition with each other and with the weed species, which ultimately affects crop growth. Wheat is