الفهرس 
Introductionيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
Summary
This case-controlled study aimed to assess seminal plasma L-carnitine (LC) levels in infertile OAT men associated with varicocele (Vx).
Overall, 86 men were allocated into:
• Fertile normozoospermic men (n=20).
• Infertile OAT men without Vx (n=21).
• Infertile OAT men with Vx (n=45).
Inclusion criteria of the patient’s group;
Normal female factor, OAT, and lack of initiating pregnancy within 1 year of unprotected sexual relation.
Exclusion criteria were;
Azoospermia, congenital anomalies, smoking, and leukocytospermia.
Inclusion criteria of the controls;
Fertile controls fulfilling the WHO (2010) guidelines criteria for normozoospermia and having offspring at the previous 2 years
They were subjected to:
1. History taking.
2. General and clinical examination. Vx was assessed with Doppler US.
3. Semen analysis according to WHO guidelines (2010).
4. Estimation of seminal plasma LC by colorimetric assay kit.
The results were as follows:
1. The mean seminal plasma LC level showed a significant decrease in infertile OAT men with Vx compared to infertile OAT men without Vx and fertile men.
2. The mean seminal plasma LC level showed significant decreases in infertile OAT men with Vx grade III compared with cases of Vx grade II and in infertile OAT men with bilateral Vx compared with cases of unilateral Vx.
4. There was a significant positive correlation between seminal plasma LC levels with sperms concentration, sperm total motility, sperm normal forms, and significant negative correlation with the age.
Conclusion
Seminal plasma LC levels play an important role in male infertility in general and in Vx associated cases in particular.
Recommendations
5. Assessment of seminal plasma LC levels in infertile OAT with Vx cases after surgical repair with/without LC supplements.
6. The epididymal role in male infertility especially in Vx associated conditions.
7. Is LC supplement to infertile OAT men with Vx beneficial? in what dose and for how long?
8. Is LC supplement better to these cases OR Vx surgical repair OR both of them?