الفهرس 
Drug Toxicity
Materials &methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Drugs continue to be pulled from the market with disturbing regularity because of late discovery of hepatotoxicity. Unexpected drug toxicity is still a major reason for pharmaceutical companies withdrawing drugs from the marketplace. Among adverse drug reactions, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity are two major causes for drugs being withdrawn post-market. Other important drug adverse reactions are related to blood vessels, heart and brain injuries. Thus, we need for new and efficient agents with enough sensitivity and specificity to translate effectively from the preclinical phase to the clinical phase.
Liver is a major dynamic organ with an extensive range of biological functions, such as metabolism including protein synthesis and degradation; production of adrenal hormones and glycogen storage. Nowadays, liver damage becomes a very common cause of various metabolic disorders and can lead to even mortality. Hepatotoxicity is defined as an injury or impaired liver function due to chronic exposure to drugs or other chemical agents.
Salicylates are widely used in the treatment of inflammatory conditions as rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatic fever. The anti-inflammatory actions of salicylates and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents were generally attributed to their inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity and prostaglandin synthesis.
This article describes the preparation and characterization of sodium salicylate loaded butane tetracarboxylic acid nano spheres as a model drug for drug delivery domains. The efficiency of the drugs was enhanced by encapsulation in suitable carrier. The choice of carrier was mainly depending on its functional groups. Thus, butane tetracarboxylic acid was selected as a carrier due its capability to encapsulate the nominated model drug through the numerous functional groups (carboxylic groups). The utilization of Tween 80 was targeted to its ability to distribute the particles of sodium salicylate and kept them away from aggregation. Additionally, homogenization and ultra-sonication were utilized for enhancement the anti-agglomeration of the as prepared nanoemulsion.
It could be clearly seen that, the particles of Bt-Sc-NPs are formed with very small size and good distribution. The data obtained for sodium salicylate loaded butane tetracarboxylic acid from optical microscopy are in accordance with TEM and SEM data which revealed the successful preparation of nanoemulsion with well distribution and small size thanks to the presence of Tween 80 and dispersion tools; homogenizer and ultrasonication.
The ultimate objective of the other nano delivery systems is to alter the normal biofate of potent drug molecules in the body following their intravenous administration to markedly improve their efficacy and reduce their potential intrinsic severe adverse effects.
Since using of medicinal plants is more financial, and they have different varieties of effective compounds as well as lower side effects in comparison to synthetic drugs and also because of recommendations of World Health Organization (WHO), many medicinal plants are used today in therapy of different disease.
Ginger, which is the underground stem or rhizome of the plant Zingiber officinale roscoe, contains polyphenol compounds (6-gingerol and its derivatives), which have a high antioxidant activity and may either mitigate or prevent generation of free radicals.
The main objective of our study was to deduce better agents to ameliorate drug hepatotoxicity induced by cisplatin in experimental animals using Bt-Sc-NPs as anti-inflammatory drug and using medicinal plant; ginger for its antioxidant effect.