الفهرس 
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Abstract
Two field experiments were carried out at the farm of Fac. Agric., Minia Uinv. during two successive seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sowing methods (drill in rows, furrows and on terraces) and weed control treatments (unweeded, hand weeding, hoeing, Pallas and Atlantis herbicides in addition mixed culture wheat with fenugreek ) and their interaction on associated weeds, growth, yield and its components of bread wheat, Misr 2 cultivar.
A split plot arrangement in Randomized Complete Blocks design with three replicates was used in which the main plots assigned to sowing methods and the sub- plots allocated to weed control treatments. The obtained results could be summarized in the following topics:
1- Associated weeds traits:
Sowing methods did not exhibit significant impact on dry weight of narrow and broad leaved and total annual weeds at the two ages of survey; 75 and 105 DAS in both growing seasons.
Weed control treatments revealed highly significant effect on the previous weeds traits at 75 and 105 DAS in both seasons except narrow leaved weeds at the two ages of first season.
All weed control treatments reduced dry weight of narrow, broad and total annual weeds compared with unweeded check at the two ages of sampling in both seasons.
In the most cases, Atlantis and Pallas herbicides were the best weed control treatments for controlling narrow, broad and annual total weeds at 75 and 105 DAS in both seasons where recorded the lowest dry weight of weeds
Sowing methods × weed control treatments interaction possessed significant effect on narrow and total annual weeds at 75 and 105 DAS in second season. Generally, sowing on terraces with application of Atlantis or Pallas were the best treatments for reducing weeds dry weight of narrow and annual weeds at 75 and 105 DAS in both seasons.
2- Growth characters:
Sowing methods exerted significant effect on plant height in the first season, tillers/ plant and plant dry weight in both seasons, while the remained traits did not show significant response to sowing methods in both seasons
The earliest plants in heading of 98.17 and 96.11 day were recorded for sowing on terraces and drill in rows in the first and second seasons, respectively, while the latest ones of 99.94 and 99.11 day recorded for sowing in furrows in both seasons. Terraces followed by furrows sowing methods in the first season and furrows followed drill in rows in the second season produced the tallest plants. Furrows followed by terraces sowing methods in the first season and drill in rows followed by terraces in the second season recorded the highest tillers/ plant, while the highest flag leaf area was obtained with sowing drill in rows followed by terraces in the first season and furrows followed by drill in rows in the second season. Sowing in furrows followed by terraces gave the highest plant dry weight of 14.02 and 12.87 g. in the first season , 14.62 and 13.43 g. in the second season, respectively.
All growth traits were highly significantly affected by weed control treatments except plant height and flag leaf area in the second season which revealed only significant response to weed control treatments.
All weed control treatments produced higher values of growth traits than unweeded check with significant differences in most treatments in both seasons except heading date. The earliest plants were recorded for hoeing followed by hand weeding in the first season and pallas followed by atlantis herbicides in the second season, respectively. While the latest ones recorded for unweeded in both seasons.
In the first season, the greatest plant height of 96.82 cm and plant dry weight of 14.55 g. was achieved by hand weeding, while the highest tillers / plant of 5.52 and flag leaf area of 28.74 cm2. were recorded for application of Atlantis. In the second, hoeing gave the maximum plant height (89.96 cm.) and number of tillers / plant (4.81), while pallas obtained the highest flag leaf area (29.03 cm2) and Atlantis herbicide recorded the highest plant dry weight (16.16 g.).
Plant height , tillers/ plant , flag leaf area and plant dry weight were only significantly affected by sowing methods × weed control interaction in the first season, absolutely the maximum values of these traits of 99.25, 6.25, 32.56 cm2 and 16.81 g. were recorded for terraces with hand weeding, furrows with atlantis, terraces with atlantis and furrows with hoeing, respectively.
3- Yield components traits:
Sowing methods possessed significant effect on plant height in the first season, tillers and spikes per plant, spike length and 1000 grain weight in both seasons, while plant height in the second season and grains/ spike in both seasons did not significantly affected.
Terracing sowing method gave the taller plants in the second season and the highest tillers and spikes per plant, grains/ spike and 1000- grain weight in both seasons, while the taller plants in the first season were recorded for sowing in furrows and the taller spikes were estimated for sowing drill in rows and in furrows in the first and second seasons, respectively.
Weed control treatments had highly significant effect on all yield components traits in both seasons except 1000 grain weight in the first season where its response was significant only.
All weed control treatments gave higher values for yield components traits than unweeded check in both seasons. The taller plants and the highest tillers/ plant were estimated for hand weeding in the first season, hoeing and atlantis herbicide, respectively in the second season. The greatest number of spikes / plant and spike length were achieved by appling atlantis and mixed sowing (fenugreek with wheat), respectively in the first season and application of hoeing and mixed sowing (fenugreek with wheat), respectively in the second season. Application of pallas herbicide produced the highest number of grains/ spike in both seasons and the heaviest 1000- grain weight in the first season, while hand weeding gave the highest 1000 grain weight in the second season.
All yield components character were significantly affected by the interaction between sowing methods and weed control treatments in both seasons except spikes/ plant, grains/ spike and 1000 grain weight in the first season and spike length in the second season.
Afir in rows and on terraces sowing methods with hoeing produced the tallest plants of 112.5 and 114.07 cm in the first and second seasons, respectively. Maximum values of tillers/ plant of 9.79 and 7.57 were achieved by sowing on terraces with atlantis herbicide and hoeing in the first and second seasons, respectively, while spikes/ plant (6.5) took the same trend of tillers/ plant in the second season. The tallest spikes of 11.55 cm was recorded for sowing drill in rows with hand weeding twice in the first season. Sowing in furrows with hoeing recorded the highest grains/ spike of 51.73 in the second season. Moreover, the heaviest 1000 grain weight of 48.57 recorded for sowing on terraces with pallas herbicide in the second season.
4- Yields and harvest index:
Sowing methods exerted significant effect on biological, grain and straw yields in both seasons plus harvest index in the first season.
In the first season, the heaviest biological and straw yields of 7.86 and 4.72 ton/ fed were recorded for sowing drill in rows, while the lowest ones of 7.2 and 4.03 ton/ fed recorded for terraces sowing, respectively. The heaviest grain yield of 21.13 ardab/fed and highest harvest index of 44.02% achieved by sowing on terraces, while the lowest values for these traits of 19.41 ardab and 38.86% recorded for sowing in furrows. In the second season, the greatest values for biological, grain and straw yields of 8.11 ton , 19.49 ardab and 5.19 ton recorded for sowing on terraces, respectively, while the lowest values of 5.77 ton, 15.10 ardab and 3.5 ton recorded for sowing in furrows. The highest harvest index of 39.28% and the lowest one of 36.03% achieved by sowing in furrows and on terraces, respectively.
Biological and grain yield in both seasons plus straw yield in the second season were significantly affected by weed control treatments.
All weed control treatments gave higher biological, grains and straw yields in addition to harvest index compared to unweeded in both seasons. In the first season, hand weeding and hoeing gave the highest biological yield of 7.8 (ton/fed.), while atlantis herbicide obtained the highest grain yield of 22.30 (ard./fed.) and harvest index (43.3%) , moreover, the heaviest straw yield of 4.6 ton/fed recorded for hoeing treatment. In the second season, pallas herbicide produced the greatest biological yield (10.07 ton/fed), grain yield (24.43 ard./fed.) and straw yield of 6.4 ton/fed., while the highest harvest index of 40.36 was obtained by wheat / fenugreek sowing.
The interaction between sowing methods and weed control treatments exhibited significant effect on biological and grain yields and harvest index in the first season plus straw yield in the second season. Maximum values for these traits were recorded for drill in rows with atlantis, terraces sowing with hoeing or pallas, terraces sowing with atlantis, respectively in the first season. The heaviest straw yield of 7.64 ton/fed. was obtained by terraces sowing with pallas in the second season.
5- Correlation study:
Positive highly significant correlation was found between total dry weight of weeds at 75 and 105 DAS in both seasons. Negative significant correlation was recorded between total dry weight of weeds and each of tillers/ plant, spikes/ plant and grain yield at 75 and 105 DAS in the first season, while total dry weight of weeds exhibited negative and significant correlation with all studied traits at 75 and 105 DAS in the second season except 1000 grain weight and straw yield at 75 DAS. Grain yield/ fed. possessed positive significant correlation with each of tillers/ plant and spikes/ plant in both seasons in addition to grains/ spike and 1000 grain weight in the second season.
Conclusion :-
It could be concluded from the investigation that, drilling sowing with atlantis herbiscide, sowing on terraces with pallas herbiscide and sowing on terraces with hoeing could be achieve the highest yield and harvest index.