الفهرس 
Historical Background of Drug AddictionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary Drug addiction is a worldwide common disorder, problems of substance abuse lead to dramatic costs for all societies in the term of low productivity, transmission of infectious diseases, family and social troubles as well as crimes. Drug use disorders are a serious health issue with a significant burden for individuals affected and their families. There are also significant costs to society including lost productivity, security challenges, crime , increased health care costs and a lot of negative social consequences. Caring for individuals with drug use disorders places a heavy burden on public health systems of member states and therefore improving treatment systems, making them the best they can be, would undoubtedly benefit not only the affected individuals, but also their communities and the whole society. Heroin is an illegal, highly addictive drug. It is both the most abused and the most rapidly acting of the opiates. Heroin is synthesized from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from certain varieties of poppy plants. It is typically sold as a white or brownish powder or as the black sticky substance known on the streets as ”black tar heroin.” Although purer heroin is becoming more common, most street heroin is ”cut” with other drugs or with substances such as sugar, starch, powdered milk. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of heroin on liver and kidney functions .