الفهرس 
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Abstract
Acute heart failure (AHF) continues to be a frustrating problem of great clinical significance. With improvements in the medical management of AHF, particularly the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock has emerged as the most common cause of death (7 to 12%) of all patients admitted with heart failure
Several mechanisms can lead to the development of acute heart failure or worsening symptoms of chronic HF. The relative incidence of the various causes of AHF includes the following:
• Uncontrolled hypertension and hypertensive crisis
• Acute coronary syndrome and its complications (e.g. rupture of interventricular septum, mitral valve, right ventricular infarction.
• Rapid arrhythmia or sever bradycardia / conduction disturbance
• Acute pulmonary embolism
• Cardiac tamponade
• Aortic dissection
• Surgery and perioperative problems
• Other causes like anemia, COPD, asthma, impaired kidney function, drug addiction, alcohol, NSAID and corticosteroids.
Interestingly, despite more aggressive therapeutic interventions in the last decade, the incidence of annual mortality from heart failure complications reaches 75%.
Risk predictive model can aid the clinicians .