الفهرس 
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Abstract
This investigation was carried out at Faculty of Agricultural, Menoufia University during two successive seasons 2015 and 2016. The study included three experiments. The first one was carried out to study the effect of biofertilizers (Rhizobacterin, Biogein, Microbein and Nitrobein) singly or combined with urea fertilizer on vegetative growth, yield, essential oil content and chemical constituents of rosemary plants (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). The second experiment was conducted on mint plants (Mentha Longfolia L.) aimed to evaluate the integrated effect of different sources of organic manures (cattle, chicken and compost) combined with urea fertilizer on the growth, yield, essential oil content, oil components as well as chemical constituents of mint plants. The third one was performed to evaluate the effect of magnetic water, salinity and their interaction on rosemary plants (Rosmarinus officinalis L.).
The first experiment
In this investigation two field experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm of Horticulture department in Menoufia University in Shibin El-kom, Egypt during two successive seasons of 2015 and 2016. This study aimed to determine the positive effect of biofertilizers (Rhizobacterin, Biogein, Microbein and Nitrobein) with urea (46%) on Rosmarinus officinalis L. plants in order to reduce its hazard effects
The treatments used in this study were as follows:
1. Control.
2. Without bio fertilizer + 50 kg urea/ fed.
3. Without bio fertilizer + 100 kg urea/ fed.
4. Without bio fertilizer + 150 kg urea/ fed.
5. Rhizobacterein + 0 kg urea/ fed.
6. Rhizobacterein + 50 kg urea/ fed.
7. Rhizobacterein + 100 kg urea/ fed.
8. Rhizobacterein + 150 kg urea/ fed.
9. Biogein+ 0 kg urea/ fed.
10. Biogein+50 kg urea/ fed.
11. Biogein+ 100 kg urea/ fed.
12. Biogein+ 150 kg urea/ fed.
13. Microbein + 0 kg urea/ fed.
14. Microbein + 50 kg urea/ fed.
15. Microbein + 100 kg urea/ fed.
16. Microbein + 150 kg urea/ fed.
17. Nitrobein + 0 Kg urea/ fed.
18. Nitrobein + 50 Kg urea/ fed.
19. Nitrobein + 100 Kg urea/ fed.
20. Nitrobein + 150 Kg urea/ fed.
The experiment was arranged in a split design. Rosemary plants were obtained from two cuts. Biofertilizer treatments (Rhizobacterin, Biogein, Microbein and Nitrobein) were arranged in the main plots, while the urea treatments (0, 50, 100, 150 kg/fed) were assigned at random in the sub plots with three replicates. The data obtained for growth, yield, essential oil and chemical constituents of rosemary plants were recorded and analyzed in the two seasons.
The results could be summarized as follows
Effect of biofertilizers, urea rates and their interaction on rosemary
Four kinds of biofertilizers was applied separately or combined with urea at rates (0,50,100 and 150kg/fed) on the Rosmarinus officinalis L. plants to determine the optimum kind from the types of biofertilizers used in the investigation on vegetative growth, herb fresh and dry weights, essential oil content and components as well as chemical constituents. The obtained data from the application of the four kinds of biofertilizers resulted in taller plants, more branches, high fresh and dry weights/plant compared with untreated plants. Meanwhile the best treatment were obtained by biofertilizers applications with urea at the moderate rate 100kg/fed, and then the biofertilizers combined with urea at rate 50kg/fed.
The vegetative parameters were significantly increased by the application of different kinds of biofertilizers, especially Biogein and Nitrobein with urea at the rate of 100kg/fed and 50kg/fed compared with untreated plants (control).
The application of biofertilizers increased photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids) in the fresh herb of rosemary plants than untreated plants without biofertilizers in the two successive seasons. The chemical constituents (N,P and K) and the total carbohydrates percentage was increased by applying biofertilizers as (Biogein, Rhizobacterin and Nitrobein)separately or with 100kg/fed of urea than untreated plants (control)in both seasons.
The essential oil percentage produced from the herb was significantly increased due to applied biofertilizers combined with moderate rates of urea compared to the control plants in the two experimental seasons.
The second experiment
This study amid to evaluate the effect of different organic manure fertilizers (cattle, chicken and compost) with levels of urea fertilizer (46%), separately or combined together on mint plant. Data of essential oil percent and chemical constituents were recorded. This experiment was carried out at Faculty of Agricultural, Menoufia University during two successive seasons of 2015 and 2016 Shibin-El-Kom, Egypt.
The treatments used in this study were as follows:
1. Control
2. 100% urea (U)
3. 100% cattle (CM)
4. 100% chicken (CHM)
5. 100% compost (COM)
6. 50% U+50%CM
7. 50% U+50%CHM
8. 50% U+50%COM
9. 25% U+75%CM
10. 25% U+ 75%CHM
11. 25% U + 75%COM
12. 50%CM+ 50%CHM
13. 50%CM+50%COM
14. 50%CHM+50%COM
15. 25%CM+25%CHM+ 25%COM+25%U
16. 33.3%CM+33.3%CHM+33.3%COM
The experiment was planned in complete randomized blocks design with three replications. The data obtained vegetative growth, yield, essential
oil and chemical constituents of mint plants (three cuts) grown under the effect of previous treatments were recorded and analyzed in the two growing seasons.
The results could be summarized as follows
Effect of organic manure
Organic fertilization significantly increased most of the growth parameters as plant height, number of branches, fresh and dry weights of mint plant herb.
Organic fertilization especially chicken and cattle combined with half rate of recommended doses of urea were the best treatments increased the vegetative parameters compared with untreated plants (without organic or urea). Also the same rate of urea (50%) increased photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids) in mint green herb.
Organic manure improved chemical constituents (N, P and K) percent as well as carbohydrates in mint dry herb as a result of using 50%chicken manure combined with 50% urea when compared with control plants in both seasons.
Essential oil content significantly increased in mint plants by adding 50%chicken manure fertilizer with 50% of the recommended dose of urea in the three cuttings of the two growing seasons.
The third experiment
This experiment attributed to reduce salinity stress by using magnetic water in the irrigation of rosemary seedlings compared with the seedlings irrigated by tap water as these plants cultivated in pots. The soil treated with sodium chloride and calcium chloride with percent (2:1) and had different levels of salinity (0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%). Magnetic water irrigation had a great influence in decreasing the harm effect of salinity on plants compared with those irrigated with non-magnetic water. The experiments layout was a factorial in a split randomized design with three replicates. Main plots were irrigation water (normal or magnetized) and the sub plots were different levels of salinity. The data obtained from growth, yield, oil and chemical constituents of rosemary plants grown under the effect of previous treatments which were recorded and analyzed in both seasons.
The treatments used in this study were as follows:
1. Normal tap water + no salt (S0)
2. Normal tap water + salt 0.1 % (S1)
3. Normal tap water + salt 0.2 % (S2)
4. Normal tap water + salt 0.3 % (S3)
5. Magnetic water (mag.) + S0
6. Magnetic water (mag.) + S1
7. Magnetic water (mag.) + S2
8. Magnetic water (mag.) + S3
The results could be summarized as follows
Effect of magnetic water
The obtained results indicated that, the vegetative parameters (plant height, number of branches, fresh and dry weights of the herb) were significantly increased in the plants irrigated with magnetic water comparing with these treated by tap water in the two growing seasons.
Using irrigation with magnetic water remarkably increased the photosynthetic pigments in the green herb when compared with the plants irrigated with non-magnetized water.
Regarding the data of N, P and K percentages as well as the total carbohydrates in rosemary dry herb, it could be noticed that irrigation with magnetic water caused increase in this respect than the plants irrigated with tap water in both seasons.
Furthermore, the essential oil percentage, oil yield/ plant as well as oil yield/fed and oil components were increased in mint plants by irrigating with magnetic water when compared with the plants irrigated with ordinary water in the two growing seasons.
Effect of salinity
The results indicated that applied salt reduced the studied vegetative growth parameters; salinity had a negative effect on growth parameters. All growth characters studied were reduced with increasing the rates of salinity in the two seasons and the most effective treatments were without salt in the two seasons.
Salinity had a negative effect on chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content in the rosemary green herb i.e. those parameter showed significant
reduction in recorded values. Increasing the rates of salinity caused decrease in the results observed in the two seasons.
Results indicated that salinity decreased the values of N, P and K and carbohydrates content and increasing the levels of salinity caused gradual decrease in these characters. Salinity stress enhances not only nutrient amount in the plants herb, but also carbohydrate accumulation in the dry herb in both seasons.
Data showed that salinity effect on essential oil constituents’ percentage, oil yield/plant reduced by increasing the rates of salinity in the two seasons and the most effective treatments were without salt.
Effect of interaction between magnetic water and salinity
The interaction effect between irrigation with magnetic water and salinity on the vegetative growth characters showed an increase in these parameters, when using irrigation by magnetic water compared with those irrigated with ordinary water in the two seasons.
The obtained results showed that N, P and K percentages in the dried herb were considerably improved as a result of watering with magnetic water which reduced the harm effect of salinity comparing with these irrigated with tap water.
The total carbohydrate percentage in the dried herb of rosemary plants was increased as a result of irrigation with magnetic water in the two growing seasons.
The obtained results indicated that, the highest essential oil percentage as well as the essential oil yield / plant and consequently per fed were improved as a result of irrigating Rosmarinus officinalis plants with
magnetic water while the lowest values were produced with plants irrigated with non-magnetic water in both experimental seasons.
Conclusion
1. Biofertilization are very important for medicinal and aromatic plants, they have positive alternative to chemical one, they can help increasing the yield without causing the damage associated with chemical fertilizers and reduce production cost, environmental pollution and get the best product of both quantity and quality. Also, continuous usage of urea fertilizer affects soil structure. Therefore, biofertilizers can serve as alternative to mineral fertilizers for improving soil structure and microbial biomass.
The inoculating with different kinds of biofertilizers increased the N2–fixing microorganisms which play an important role in the processes of fixing atmospheric nitrogen and its conversion to a useful form of utilization by plant. It is well known that increasing the microorganisms in the soil have a positive effect in converting the unavailable forms of nutrient elements to available forms, consequently both absorption and translocation could be increased.
Using different kinds of biofertilizers (Nitrobein, Biogein and Microbein) with the moderate rate of urea (100kg/fed.) was the best treatment and can save about half dose of the recommended urea-N2 without affecting rosemary plant performance.
2. Organic fertilizers (cattle, chicken and compost) contain the main plant nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients that are
released throughout the growing season. The plant nutrients are released when organic matter decomposes and is changed into humus.
Organic fertilizer can increase the capacity of nutrients uptake, regulating growth hormones and activity of microorganisms enhanced accumulation of nitrogen in plants
Thus, treating mint plants with 50% of chicken fertilizer and half the dose of urea were the most effective treatment in increasing plant vegetative characters and essential oil percentage and components and can save about half dose of the recommended urea. These fertilizers have the ability to release macro and micro nutrients gradually and supply the plant throughout its vegetation period.
3. Magnetically treated water resulted in significant improvement in all vegetative growth parameters of rosemary plant. Magnetic field may be cause breaking down of hydrogen bonds of the water molecule; this facilitated the entry of the water through plant cellular membranes and increased the absorption of water.
This experiment examined the effectiveness of irrigation with magnetic water on Rosmarinus officinalis L. plants treated with variable rates of salt in soil, there were positive influence of the mechanism of the magnetized irrigation (in treatment without salt or with the low rate of salt 0.1%) which alleviated the harmful effect of salinity, minimized soil salinity and improved some soil properties and productivity under salt affected soils. So this mechanism can be used in the field rich with excess of salt to reduce the harmful effect on the growth and increase production of most medicinal and aromatic plants.