الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Haematuria is a common clinical complaint and can be caused by many benign and malignant conditions located anywhere within the urinary system and it is the most common presenting symptom in urology.
Haematuria can signify serious disease such as bladder cancer, upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma, renal cell cancer, urinary tract stones, infection, and vascular causes.
The most common primary malignancies associated with haematuria are renal cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, prostate cancer and urologic infections. RCC is the most common malignant neoplasm of the kidney, representing up to 90% of renal neoplasms and up to 3% of all neoplasms. Urothelial tumors represent only 10% of upper urinary tract neoplasms.
Macroscopic haematuria conveys a much higher risk of malignancy and warrants prompt investigation in all cases. Urinary tract malignancy is four times more common in patients with macroscopic haematuria than microscopic haematuria with gross haematuria being the presenting symptom in 80% of bladder cancers and half of all renal cancers.