الفهرس 
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Abstract
Two experiments were conducted, the 1st experiment for studying the effect of the addition of different levels (50 and 100 µg/mL extender) of NPs synthesized from mint, thyme and curcumin extract, as natural antioxidants to semen extender on freezing ability of goat semen. The second experiment for studying the effect of the addition of different levels (5 and 10 ppm/mL extender) of green synthesized gold nanoparticles to semen extender on freezing ability of goat semen. A total of 3 sexually mature Baladi bucks (60-80 kg live body weight and 2-4 years of age), and adaptability to semen collection by artificial vagina were selected for semen collection. Only semen with mass motility of ≥70% was pooled and divided into nine extender types and packaged in 0.25 mL straws. Tris-extender was supplemented with 50 or 100 µg/mL (menthe leaf extract nanoparticles or thyme leaf extract nanoparticles or curcumin nanoparticles) and 5 or 10 µg/mL green synthesized gold nanoparticles. Semen was equilibrated at 5oC for 2 h and frozen at -196oC until thawing at 37 °C in a water bath for 30 sec. semen was evaluated for sperm progressive motility, sperm livability, sperm abnormalities, plasma membrane integrity and acrosome integrity. Sperm apoptosis was determined by Fluorescent Staining of Sperm and Flow Cytometric Analysis. Also, sperm chromatin structure was determined as chromatin-decondensation by flow-cytometry analysis. Antioxidants analysis (total antioxidant capacity, catalase activity and malondialdehyde level) and enzyme activity (AST and ALT) in extender was determined after thawing.>General conclusion and recommendation:>In comparing different levels of nano-particles from mint, thyme, and curcumin extracts as well as green synthesis of gold nanoparticles in Tris-extender on goat semen quality after cryopreservation, nano-particles from curcumin extract can improve quality of goat spermatozoa in post-thawed semen providing the highest superiority, as free radical scavenging agent, in protecting cryodamage and cryotolerance of sperm cells, and improving semen quality, in comparing with nano-particles from mint and thyme extracts or free extender. Also, gold nano-particles showed pronounced improvement on quality of cryopreserved goat semen as compare with free extender. Therefore, nano-particles for curcumin extract administration in Tris-extender at a level of 1000 µg could be recommended to enhance goat semen processing during cryopreservation. Additionally, supplementation of green synthesis of gold nanoparticles at a level of 10 ppm may be recommend in Tris-extender of cryopreserved goat semen during cryopreservation. Further studies are needed for studding the effect of GSGNPs at various levels with different types of extenders on sperm quality of cryopreserved semen of different animal species.