الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 73 |  |  |
| | | from | 73 | | |
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked muscular disease characterized by progressive muscle degeneration resulting in loss of ambulation and severe multisystem complications.
It is the most common and severe form of muscular dystrophy, It is occurring 1 in every 3500 live male births, and beginning at 3-5 years of age and characterized by proximal muscle weakness and calf hypertrophy in affected boys. patients usually become wheelchair bound by the age of 12 and die in their late teens to early twenties
Symptoms of DMD usually appear between age of 2 to 5 years. Muscles of the hip, pelvic girdle, thigh, calf muscles and shoulder muscles are usually affected firstly. Affected boys with DMD experience motor delay or abnormal gait, difficulty in motor skills (climbing stairs, jumping, running, hopping) due to proximal–distal skeletal muscle weakness, they have waddling gait and positive Gower’s sign.
The majority of affected individuals with DMD will develop cardiac involvement in the form of cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure and pulmonary involvement with chronic restrictive lung disease and respiratory faliure
Clinical presentation, elevated levels of creatinie phosphokinase, muscle dystrophy by EMG and genetic testing useful for diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Current management of DMD involves physiotherapy,rehabilitation and corticosteroid therapy which delays loss of ambulation 1-3 years but does not cure the disease.