الفهرس 
Bioenergetic signature and cancer cellsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The cancer is caused by a multifactorial pathologies and conditions either genetic, environmental or other factors. Genetic mutations involving genes of the DNA repair, cell cycle or cell death pathways were associated with malignancy. Other factors induce different genetic changes and deregulation that cause cancer, these factors included infections, radiations, smoking and pollution 97. Ehrlich’s Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) is a murine mammary adenocarcinoma which is used for the study of tumor biology, and pathology. It was also used for development of immunomodulatory compounds. These cells have a higher capacity of metastasis, it also can be kept in vitro for controlled cell growth. The Ehrlich tumor was similar to many human carcinomas responsive to chemotherapy as it is undifferentiated tumor and has rapid growth potential 20. Otto Warburg found that the cancer cells used glycolytic pathway for production of ATP not oxidative phosphorylation for anerobic oxidation of glucose. He also discovered that there was increased glucose uptake in the cancerous cells more than normal cells. This principle was later used as a biomarker for aggressive tumor behavior and response to chemotherapy called Bioenergetic signature 5. Bioenergetic signature is defined as the relative expression of F1 beta subunit of ATP synthase compared to GAPDH. In other words, it is the ratio between the level of F1 beta subunit of ATP synthase and GAPDH, it provides an indicator of mitochondrial capacity in cancer cells 7, 26. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of the glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate; its role had been evolved from enzyme in glycolytic pathway to a protein involved in apoptosis and cancer biology. Meanwhile, ATP synthase enzyme catalyzes the production of AT