الفهرس 
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
The cardiovascular diseases are the most dangerous diseases lead
to death in many regions in the world. The cardiovascular system
consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. Blood is the body fluid
that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the
cells and transports metabolic waste products away; it is composed of
different types of cells suspended in plasma. Plasma constitutes 55%
of blood fluid and contains proteins, mineral ions, hormones,
cholesterol and other substances. The blood cells are divided to red
blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Each blood component
has specific shape, volume and characteristics. Blood is carried
through the body via intricate networks of hollow tubes called
vessels. The blood vessels can be generally classified into arteries,
arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins.
Blood analysis is still a vital analysis as a mirror of the body
healthy state whereas it has a major role in detecting most diseases,
whether with or without signs. Blood tests are often used in health
care to determine physiological and biochemical states, such as
disease, mineral content, pharmaceutical drug effectiveness, and
organ function. Blood tests are laboratory analysis performed on a
blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm by an
invasive procedure, using a hypodermic needle. These tests require
properly trained medical personnel due to the increased risk of
infection and transmission of various blood borne illnesses.
Moreover, they are expensive, take too much time and may be
painful.
Vascular diseases are the disorders that affect basically the arteries
and veins. Most often, vascular diseases have greater impacts on
blood flow, either by narrowing or blocking the vessel lumen, or by
weakening the vessel wall. The most common vascular diseases are
atherosclerosis, thrombosis, wall swelling (aneurysm), occlusion,
hypertension and embolism. The imaging techniques are the most
used techniques in diagnosis the vascular diseases .These techniques
require complex and expensive instruments, and continuous presence
of trained operator. In addition, the patient is injected by contrast
agent and exposed to harmful radiation in some cases.
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