الفهرس 
Significance of the studyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 163 |  |  |
| | | from | 163 | | |
Abstract
Cesarean section was a surgical procedure, which could affect theoverall health of mothers and their babies. The main problems resulting from cesarean birth are postoperative pain and anxiety(Cohen,2014). Post-cesarean pain could be influenced by several factors including age, gender, surgical technique, complications during the procedure, the support of family and healthcare personnel, weight and gender of baby, social and cultural issues and previous experience. Pain and anxiety could impair the mothers’ ability to optimally care and breast-feed their infant in the postpartum period (Ehdaivand et al.,2013).There were several pharmacological methods to control pain and anxiety. But, in the recent years, several studies are done on non-pharmacological methods of pain management due to their temporary effects and side effects of pharmacological methods such as benzodiaze-pines and analgesics (Salavati et al., 2016). Two of the widely accepted non-pharmacological methods were reflexology (a form of foot massage that targets points on the foot which are believed to correspond with body parts) and simple massage therapy (Tsay et al., 2017).Tsay et al., (2017) pointed out that since the highest concentration of pain receptors were in the hands and feet (each of the extremities has more than 7,000 nerve endings), foot and hand massage and neurons’stimulation might be a good technique for the reduction of pain and anxiety after cesarean section.The present study was conducted at University Hospital and Teaching Hospital in Menoufia University. Research hypotheses and randomized clinical trials design were used in carrying out the study. The target population of this study was women from the previously selected hospitals during the fourth stage of labor after delivery of the newborn in the first 2hrs, 6hrs, 12hrs, and 18hrs of performing the nursing management protocol and foot reflexology in G1, nursing management protocol only in G2, while hospital routine care in G3. Throughout the course of the present study the researcher used three instruments:- Instrument I: A structured interviewing questionnaire. Instrument II: A numerical rating scale.Instrument III: Modified McGill Pain Questionnaire Short Form(SF-MPQ).The instruments were developed by the researcher and reviewed by a jury of qualified experts and then tested for validity and reliability.The main findings of the current study were as follows: There was no statistically significant differences regarding the sociodemographic characteristic; post cesarean section pain level,among the three groups. The present study findings showed a high statistically significant difference regarding the pain scores before and after intervention during the first 2hrs, 6hrs and 18 hrs after delivery in G1 who received both nursing management and foot reflexology P value(<0.001).While, the present study findings showed a statistically significant difference regarding the pain scores before and after intervention during the first 12hrs after delivery in G1 who received both nursing management and foot reflexology (P value ,014). The present study findings showed a high statistically significant difference regarding the pain scores after intervention during the livery P value (<0.001). on the other hand, there was a statistically significant difference regarding the pain scores after intervention during the first 6hrs and 12hrs after delivery in G1 and G2 (P value0 ,034 -0 ,015). The present study findings showed a high statistically significant difference regarding the pain scores after intervention during the first two & six hours after delivery between G1 and G3 P value(<0.001). While there was a statistically significant difference regarding the pain scores before intervention at the first two hours after delivery between G1 and G3 (P value 0,012) . The present study findings showed a statistically significant difference regarding the pain scores after intervention during the first twelve hours after delivery between the G1 and G3 P value(<0.01).The present study findings showed no statistically significant difference regarding the pain scores before and after intervention during the first 2hrs, 12hrs, and 18hrs after delivery between the G2 and G3 P value (<0.01). There was a statistically significant difference regarding the pain score after intervention during the first 6hrs after intervention (P value 0,010). There was no statistically significant difference regarding the pain score before and after intervention during the first 6hrs before intervention between G2 and G3.The present study’s findings suggested that the application of complementary methods such as foot reflexology combined with nursing management protocol provided a better relieve of pain and its use can avoid the side effects of pharmacological methods among post cesarean section primipara and other types of patients as cancer, renal dialysis, chest tube surgery, during cardiac catheterization and others. These methods were practical,affordable, and simple to decrease the pain and increase the women’s or patients’ comfort.The findings reinforced the role of non-pharmacological methods in managing pain among post cesarean section primipara.Also, the use of these methods in postpartum unit could help in better management of pain among post cesarean section primipara.