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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Walaa Mohamed Moustafa Mousa: Ecological and Toxicological Study On Some Terrestrial Snails Species. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Institute of Environmental Studies & Research, Ain Shams University, 2019.
Ecological studies indicated that, type of soil and soil moisture playing an important role of increase or decrease the food consumption, whereas, lettuce leaves for adult of E. vermiculata at 60% soil moisture in clay soil was recorded highly food consumption at December with an average 135.6±4.35 gm month-1 followed by November, January and February 133.64±4.06, 123.78±3.68 and 115.32±3.17 gm month-1 respectively, while at 30% soil moisture in sand soil was recorded the lowest food consumption 98.64±1.64 gm month-1. While used 90% soil moisture, Food consumption were slightly high in clay soil in November and December with an average 125.38±3.26, 125.36±5.55 gm month-1 For mint leaves at 30% soil moisture, the highest food consumption was recorded at November and December in clay soil 43.06±3.75 and 40.88±2.58 gm month-1, respectively, then peat soil the food consumption was recorded 33.58±2.66 and 35.44±2.75 gm month-1, respectively. While in 60% was recorded the highest food consumption in clay soil 46.84± 4.06 gm month-1, following at November, January and February were recorded 45.04± 7.14, 41.66± 4.07 and 32.84± 4.47 gm month-1, respectively. In 90% soil moisture was recorded the lowest food consumption in sand soil 26.72±4.59gm month-1 For wheat leaves, results, were recorded no significant differences between three type of soil during different months, in 30% soil moisture was recorded highest food consumption at February in clay soil 16.12± 1.23 gm month-1 following peat and sand soil with an average 14.60± 1.28 and 14.10± 1.57 gm. / month. In 60% soil moisture at November, the highest food consumption was in clay soil 18±0.5 gm month-1 then peat and sand soil were 16.80±0.88 and 15.80±0.73 gm month-1, respectively. In 90% was recorded the lowest food consumption in sand soil at February 13.98±1.45 gm month-1.
For adult of snail H. vestalis, lettuce leaves in 30% soil moisture at December there was highly significant differences between sand soil comparing with peat and clay soil with an average 124±3.12, 118.02±6.60 and 113.64±4.46 gm month-1 respectively. In 60 % at December no significant differences between sand and peat soil comparing with clay soil with an average 139.38±5.47 and 136.02±79 gm month-1 respectively, but in clay soil the lowest food consumption 123.10±6.84 gm month-1. While the lowest food consumption was recorded in clay soil at January and February with an average 99.36±6.64 and 93.72±5.48 gm month-1 in 90% soil moisture. For mint leaves in 30% soil moisture was recorded the lowest food consumption at February in clay soil with an average 20.38±1.06 gm month-1. In 60% soil moisture at November, sand soil was recorded the highest food consumption 35.78±3.23 gm month-1 comparing with peat and clay soil with an average, 29.44±1.57 and 28.40±1.17 gm month-1 respectively. while at February no significant differences between three types of soil but in sand is considered slightly high of food consumption 27.22±2.86 gm month-1 comparing with peat and clay 24.34±3.87 and 22.56±2.06 gm month-1 respectively, in 90% soil moisture. For wheat leaves the lowest food consumption was recorded in clay soil 10.94±0.81 gm month-1 at February in 30% soil moisture while in 60% at December the highest food consumption was recorded in sand soil 17.66±1.75 gm month-1, but in 90% the lowest food consumption was recorded in clay soil at February 10.86±0.48 gm month-1.
On the other hand, daily food consumption during 10 days for E. vermiculata and H. vestalis in non-choice test under laboratory conditions. In E. vermiculata snails showed that, the highest values of daily food consumption on lettuce and cabbage leaves, 4.37±0.38 and 3.22±0.40 gm day-1 respectively. The lowest values of food consumption of vegetable crops were 2.28±0.24 gm day-1 when snails fed on watercress leaves, while in ornamental plants was recorded the lowest values 0.84±0.14 gm day-1on mint leaves, but in field crops barley leaves was recorded the lowest food consumption with an average 0.91±0.2 gm day-1 but regarding H. vestalis snail, also showed that, the highest values of daily food consumption on lettuce and cabbage leaves 3.81±0.60 and 3.42±0.07 gm day-1 respectively. Also, in ornamental plants, mint was recorded the lowest values of daily food consumption 0.94±0.27 gm day-1and in field crops barley was recorded the lowest daily food consumption 0.91±0.34 gm day-1.
Concerning with food consumption in free- choice test of E. vermiculata was illustrated that, in vegetable crops lettuce leaves followed by cabbage leaves were recorded highly food consumption 3.73±1.13 and 2.61±0.19 gm day-1 respectively, while in ornamental plants, thyme leaves was recorded the lowest food consumption 0.71±0.09 gm day-1 but, in field crops also, barley leaves was recorded the lowest food consumption 0.21±0.05 gm day-1, in free-choice test of H.vestalis was conducted that, lettuce and cabbage leaves were recorded the highest daily food consumption 4.20±0.65 and 3.40±0.32 gm day-1, but in ornamental plant and field crops, thyme and barley leaves were recorded the lowest food consumption 0.76±0.12 and 0.20±0.12 gm day-1 respectively.
The Effects of bio insecticides on land snails of fungicide (propineb70% W.P) and bio insecticides (Protecto 9.4% W.P) under laboratory conditions at different concentrations against eggs and immature stages and adult stage of Eobania vermiculata and Helicella vestalis by using leaf dipping technique under laboratory conditions revealed that, eggs was more sensitive to propineb 70%, since H. vestalis recorded higher mortality percentage compared to E. vermiculata. At the concentrations 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 %, with LC50 values 0.17 and 0.19%, respectively. Regarding immature stages (one week) also, H. vestalis recorded higher mortality percentage than E.vermiculata 23, 40, 73 and 97% and 20, 33, 70 and 93% respectively at concentrations 0.2, 0.4 0.6 and 0.8%. But for four weeks’ age was more sensitive than eight weeks and adult. Protecto 9.4% W.P also, eggs were more susceptible than immature stages and adult. A high mortality percentage was recorded to H. vestalis compared to E. vermiculata (20, 33.30, 70 and 76.70%) and (10, 30, 60 and 70%) respectively while for immature stages (one week) also, it was more sensitive than four, eight weeks and adult for H. vestalis compared to E. vermiculata.
Biochemical effects of fungicide (propineb70% W.P) and bactericide (Protecto 9.4% W.P) on immature stage and adult Eobania vermiculata, on total protein content, effect of sub-lethal concentration (1/4 Lc50) of the two tested compounds on the total protein in immature and adults stage of E. vermiculata land snail showed that, Fungicide (Propineb 70% W.P) treatment increased total protein with 333.33 and 327.77 % after one and 72 hours in comparison with control. On the other side bio insecticides (Protecto) increased total protein by 644.44 and 727.77 % than control after one and 72 hours from treatment in immature stage respectively, Fungicide treatment high significant decreased total protein with -39.28 % after 1 hour while non-significant increase with 82.14 % 72 hours after treatment, respectively. On the other side bio insecticides compound non-significant increased total protein by -3.32 and -6.06 % compared with the control after 1and 72 hours of treatment.While on glucose, results cleared that, glucose level significantly increased by fungicide (Propineb 70% W.P) and bio insecticides pesticides (Protecto) treatments with difference percentage 222.22% and 277.77 % after one and 72 hours after treatment by bio insecticides (Protecto). Whereas on alkaline phosphatase activity results indicated that, the maximum reduction of acid and alkaline phosphatase enzyme (ALP) activity occurred after fungicide (Propineb 70% W.P) and bio insecticides pesticides (Protecto) treatments immature stage E. vermiculata with the different percentage -30.73 % and 4.76 % after one hours post treatment for each compound respectively, but non-significant change after 72 hours after treatment.
Key words: Terrestrial snails, Eobania vermiculata, Helicella vestalis , type of soil, soil moisture, Vegetable crops, Ornamental plants, Field crops, fungicide, bio insecticides, total protein, glucose, alkaline phosphatase.