الفهرس 
Conditions and parameters of plasma denitionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Slow highly charged ions (SHCIs) were used to create a plasma region of nanometer scale on the surface of different materials. The creation of the plasma in a localized region is accompanied by the formation of surface nanostructures. The plasma expansion approach is used to explain the creation mechanism of SHCIs induced nanostructures in lithium niobate single crystals LiNbO₃. The numerical solution of the applied hydrodynamic equations shows that the profile of the early stage expanded plasma is independent of the ratio or the density ratio between the temperatures of ions to electrons. However, the increase of the temperature ratio leads to longer expansion domain. In addition, the effect of material constituents’ ions is studied in terms of the modifications induced in the plasma-expanded region. Two cases of electrons are considered. The first, when the electron inertia is taken into account. The second, when we consider the electrons have different distributions namely, Maxwell- Boltzmann, non-extensive and superthermal distributions.